What is primary amyloidosis? To answer this question, let’s first understand the composition of the white blood cells in the blood. The body’s white blood cells are not a single cell, but are composed of a variety of cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and plasma cells, among which the plasma cells undergo malignant transformation, which we call malignant plasma cell disease. Malignant plasma cell disease contains several types, and primary amyloidosis is one of them. Under normal circumstances, plasma cells produce immunoglobulins, the main function of which is to prevent and control microbial infections such as viruses, and for different types of infections, plasma cells produce different types of immunoglobulins. When plasma cells become malignant, they can only produce a single type of immunoglobulin, which we call monoclonal immunoglobulin. Therefore, when we detect monoclonal immunoglobulin in human plasma or urine, we can conclude that the patient has malignant plasma cell disease. Normal immunoglobulins contain immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, two light and two heavy chains constitute a complete immunoglobulin. Malignant plasma cells produce a monoclonal immunoglobulin, which can be a complete immunoglobulin molecule, or just a light chain or a heavy chain. The primary amyloidosis we are talking about today is caused by monoclonal light chains, these abnormal monoclonal light chains, when combined with another protein in the plasma, form a new abnormal protein that is difficult to degrade, this protein will turn blue-purple like starch when it encounters iodine-sulfuric acid, so we call it amyloid. What are the symptoms of primary amyloidosis? What are the most important symptoms? The organs most likely to be damaged by primary amyloidosis are the kidneys, cardiovascular system, liver and gastrointestinal tract. For example, if the kidneys are damaged, the patient will develop proteinuria, which will show increased foam in the urine, and swelling of the lower legs and feet if too much protein is produced. If the heart and blood vessels are damaged, the patient will have low blood pressure, or the original high blood pressure is not high now, even without medication, the blood pressure may drop below normal; some patients will have unexplained panic attacks, arrhythmia, shortness of breath after activity, for example, the patient feels very tired after walking for a period of time, or the original can easily climb up four floors, but after getting sick, climbing two floors is obviously physical exhaustion, which indicates that the patient’s This indicates that the patient’s heart function has decreased. In gastrointestinal damage, patients may experience epigastric discomfort, bloating, constipation, and in some cases, an enlarged tongue, or a large tongue. Although tongue enlargement is uncommon in patients with primary amyloidosis, it is a more characteristic manifestation. The most common of the above symptoms is a sign of kidney damage.