I. Tumor patients need more nutritional support Tumor is a kind of metabolism and lifestyle related disease. Research found that 1/3 of tumors are related to daily diet and nutrition, and digestive tract tumors are more closely related to diet. 30%~40% of tumors can be prevented through rational nutrition and adjusting dietary habits. The new concept of malnutrition includes both undernutrition and overnutrition. The relationship between malnutrition and tumor includes two layers of meaning: one is that malnourished people are more likely to develop tumors, which simply means that excessively thin (undernutrition), excessively obese (overnutrition) people are prone to develop tumors, and its mechanism involves immune imbalance, metabolic disorders and other aspects; the second is that patients with tumors are more prone to malnutrition, and malnutrition caused by tumors manifests itself as nutritional deficiencies, i.e., emaciation, weight loss, and so on. The second is that patients with tumors are more prone to malnutrition, which is characterized by undernutrition, i.e. wasting and weight loss. The mechanism lies in the influence of the tumor itself and the interference of anti-tumor treatment! Data show that up to 50% of tumor patients are malnourished at the time of initial diagnosis. The survey of more than 15,000 patients by China Anti-Cancer Association Tumor Nutrition and Supportive Therapy Professional Committee suggests that the incidence of malnutrition in hospitalized malignant tumor patients in China is as high as 67%. Malnourished tumor patients have short survival period, cannot tolerate radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, have more complications or toxic side effects of treatment, and are not sensitive to treatment response! Therefore, tumor patients need nutritional support even more! Nutritional support should become a specialized therapeutic means independent of surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biotherapy, palliative care, etc. It should become the core part of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment of tumors and the most basic and necessary therapeutic measures for tumor patients! Tumor patients can improve their nutritional status from 8 directions Nutrition of tumor patients includes two parts: daily diet at home and professional nutritional treatment in hospital. Usually, patients can improve their nutritional status from the following aspects: 1. Maintaining healthy body weight The incidence rate of tumor in overweight and obese patients is significantly higher than that in normal weight patients. The prognosis of overweight or obese patients at the time of tumor diagnosis and after treatment is poorer than that of patients with normal weight, because their tumor control is more difficult, the risk of tumors is higher, and coexisting diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes are increased. Wasting is also a negative factor, progressive weight loss or non-subjective efforts (such as dieting, weight loss, exercise) weight loss is an important reminder of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and progression, and the prognosis of tumor patients with weight loss is poorer. Moderate dietary restraint Epidemiological investigations have found that restricting calorie intake can make people live longer, prevent tumors in healthy people, and prolong the survival period of tumor patients. Restriction of calorie intake can reduce oxidative damage, increase apoptosis and affect the function of metabolic enzymes and other mechanisms affecting the organism, so that blood glucose drop, insulin level down, while enhancing the ability of self-phagocytosis and certain DNA repair process, thus preventing and controlling obesity, hypertension, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, fatty liver, diabetes mellitus and other metabolism-related diseases (these metabolic diseases are inextricably linked with the development of tumors). (These metabolic diseases are inextricably linked with tumor development). 3, choose the right protein We often eat a variety of meat according to the raw meat (cooked before) the color of red and white into red meat and white meat (except salmon, although salmon color deep red, but it is white meat). Studies have found that red meat can increase the incidence of many tumors, while white meat does not. It is important to eat less red meat and processed meat. Animal meats contain high-quality proteins that are superior to plant proteins, and we should not skip meat. It is recommended to eat white meat instead, which is recommended 2-4 times a week, 50-100g (1-2 taels) each time. In principle, tumor patients should increase protein intake, and recommend at least 1-2 eggs per day, and the 2nd egg of patients with elevated cholesterol can remove the yolk. 4. Dialectical treatment of fat Patients without tumor foci are recommended to reduce fat intake moderately, while patients with tumor foci are currently recommended to increase fat intake at a faster rate. Studies have reported that when fat accounts for <20% of dietary energy, it can reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence by 24%, and the effect is even more pronounced in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. High intake of saturated fatty acids shortens disease-free survival in prostate cancer, and monounsaturated fatty acids (n-9) prolongs survival. n-3 fatty acids benefit tumor patients by improving malignant stasis, quality of life, and enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. Foods rich in n-3 fatty acids, such as fish and pecans, can reduce the risk and incidence of cardiovascular disease, thereby reducing the overall risk of death in tumor patients. Currently recommended: fat should account for 20%-35% of dietary energy, saturated fatty acids <10%, trans fatty acids 0. 5, increase the intake of fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, which have a good effect on tumor prevention in the normal population, and can reduce the coexisting diseases such as cardiovascular disease in patients with tumors, thus prolonging the survival time. The American College of Cancer recommends 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily. (One serving of vegetables is equivalent to 100g of vegetables, half a cup of 100% vegetable juice; one serving of fruit is equivalent to a natural unit of measurement of fruit such as an apple, a banana, an orange, etc. or half a cup of 100% fruit juice) Cruciferous vegetables, ginger, green tea, strawberries, etc. have good anti-tumor biochemical properties. Cruciferous vegetables include cabbage: chard, choy sum, Chinese cabbage, purple cabbage shoots, red cabbage shoots, etc.; kale: cabbage, cauliflower, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, etc.; mustard greens: leaf mustard, stem mustard (head lettuce), root mustard (daikatsurai), squash, etc.; turnips; aquatic vegetables. Dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables phytochemical content is the most abundant. 6, increase grain intake whole grains, including (large, small, black, oats) wheat, (large, yellow) rice, corn, sorghum, millet and so on. They are rich in fiber, micronutrients and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, terpenes (lignin), lignin and so on. Phytochemicals have shown promising antitumorigenic effects in laboratory studies, where they either individually block tumorigenesis or, more likely, act in combination. As the micronutrients of whole grains will be severely damaged during processing, such as vitamin E in coarse grains will be reduced by 92% during the refining process, so grains should not be refined, and it is advocated that food should not be coarse and grain should not be mixed. Pure vegetarian diet is not conducive to tumor patients, and it is advocated that meat and vegetarian diets should be combined; in daily life, the ratio of vegetarian diets to meat diets is recommended to be maintained at 70%:30%~80%:20%. 7. Pay attention to food safety. Preventing bacterial contamination of food is the first food safety requirement for tumor patients. It is especially important during the medical immunosuppression caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Food safety guidelines must be followed by the patient and food processors, including family members, to minimize the risk of foodborne illness. These food safety guidelines include: careful hand washing before eating and food preparation; careful washing of all items; separation of raw food from cooked food, and thorough washing of any items that have come into contact with raw meat such as fish, poultry, and eggs; storage of leftovers at low temperatures (<4 C); ensuring that drinking water in the home is clean, and filters are recommended; eating at reasonable temperatures, and avoiding high temperatures and hot food to prevent burns to the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract; food processing methods such as microwave ovens and air-flow ovens are recommended; and food processing methods such as microwave ovens, microwave ovens and air-flow ovens are recommended to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. Microwave oven and steam are recommended for food processing. Boiling, barbecuing, frying and stir-frying are not recommended because boiling will destroy a large amount of water-soluble nutrients, and high-temperature baking, frying and stir-frying will produce a large amount of hazardous or cancer-causing chemicals, such as benzo(a)pyrene. 8. Professional Nutritional Therapy When tumor patients cannot maintain normal nutritional requirements and healthy body weight due to decreased food intake for any reason, they must receive professional nutritional support, including oral nutritional supplementation and parenteral nutritional support. Oral nutritional supplementation is the partial replacement of daily food with high-energy-density food or enteral nutritional preparation, or as a supplement to daily dietary deficiencies, in order to supplement the gap between daily dietary intake and the target requirement. Small, frequent meals and reduced fluids are recommended. High energy density foods include peanut butter, dried fruit, cheese, yogurt, eggs, cereal, beans and avocados. When daily intake and oral nutritional supplementation still cannot meet the body's needs, supplemental parenteral nutritional support therapy is recommended to supplement the deficiencies of daily diet and enteral nutrition with parenteral nutrition. Partial parenteral nutrition is of great significance to patients with advanced tumors who have serious toxic side effects during radiotherapy and cannot eat normally.