What are the characteristics of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

  Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is one of the three major intractable epileptic encephalopathies of childhood, typically characterized by multiple intractable seizure patterns and a progressive, difficult to control course: 1. multiple forms of intractable seizures, mainly tonic, atonic, and atypical aphasic seizures, and a variety of intractable epileptic states.  2. Most of them are associated with cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, which seriously affect the cognitive function of the child.  3, EEG shows paroxysmal fast activity and slow (less than 2,5 Hz) generalized spike-and-slow wave discharges (GSWD).  4, Mostly accompanied by significant psychomotor impairment.  5, West syndrome and other infantile epileptic encephalopathies about half of them develop into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In turn, 10% to 30% of children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome develop from West syndrome or other types of infantile epileptic encephalopathy, but this stage of transition is difficult to define clearly. Partial and generalized seizures may be the common prodromal manifestation.  The etiology of this syndrome is numerous, with symptomatic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome resulting from multiple severe brain disorders being the most common, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal injury factors, cortical developmental malformations, and other structural abnormalities are increasingly being discovered. One third of children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome have no history of encephalopathy prior to the disease, and there is no evidence of genetic susceptibility to the syndrome.  Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is highly resistant to antiepileptic drugs and often requires a reasonable combination of drugs, but it is rarely successful. The most difficult to control are the frequent tonic seizures that occur during sleep, whereas atypical aphasic seizures, myoclonic seizures, and atonic seizures respond relatively well to medications. Children who are treated often have sedation and other side effects of the medication, which often leads to a vicious cycle.  (2) Ketogenic diet : The use of ketogenic diet in epileptic encephalopathy is undergoing a gradual revival. As fasting appeared to be effective in controlling anti-seizures, the ketogenic diet was proposed in 1921 as an effective treatment for refractory epilepsy in an attempt to mimic and prolong the efficacy of fasting. Thus, the ketogenic diet works by mimicking the effects of starvation on the organism. In drug-resistant cases of infantile epilepsy, the ketogenic diet is a relatively safe and effective treatment. The ketogenic diet is particularly effective in infantile spasms and myoclonic epilepsy. Comprehensive evaluations have shown complete cessation of all seizures in about 16% of cases, a reduction of more than 90% in 32% of seizures, and a reduction of more than 50% in another 56%. Most parents also found that the seizures were reduced by more than 50% in 40% to 50% of the children after at least 1 year. Most parents also found improvements in behavioral and intellectual development, particularly in attention/awareness, activity level, and socialization. It may also lead to a reduction in the dosage of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. The ketogenic diet is the first-line treatment for the rare carbohydrate metabolism causing seizures. Recently, the ketogenic diet has also been applied to adult patients. Focus on epilepsy, focus on health