Urolithiasis, also known as urinary stones, is a general term for kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones and urethral stones. Many urinary stones can now no longer be treated with open surgery. The population distribution of urinary stones is related to gender, age, race, occupation, geography and climate, dietary composition and structure, water intake, and hereditary and metabolic disorders. Urinary stones form in the kidney and bladder, and the vast majority of ureteral and urethral stones are the result of stones lodging there during their expulsion. Stones move along the ureteral pathway and often remain or become lodged in the three physiological strictures, with the lower third of the ureter being the most common. Ureteral stones can cause direct damage to the urinary tract, obstruction, infection, or malignant transformation. The main symptoms of kidney and ureteral stones, also known as upper urinary tract stones, are pain and hematuria. The extent of these stones is related to their location, size, activity and the presence of injury, infection and obstruction. Kidney stones can cause pain in the kidney area with percussion pain in the cribriform angle. Ureteral stones can cause renal colic. Patients usually have visual or microscopic hematuria, the latter being more common. When stones are secondary to acute pyelonephritis or pus accumulation in the kidney, they can lead to hydronephrosis, anuria, and uremia. The diagnosis of upper urinary tract stones includes: medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging tests. History: pain and hematuria associated with activity, especially typical renal colic. Physical examination: the main purpose is to exclude other diseases that can cause abdominal pain such as acute appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cystitis, cholelithiasis, renal pelvis, and nephritis. Percussion pain in the kidney area may be present during the onset of pain. Laboratory tests: routine urinalysis often reveals visual or microscopic hematuria. Pus urine is present when accompanied by infection. Blood and urine calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, oxalic acid, etc. should be measured, and calcium loading test should be performed if necessary. In addition, renal function should be measured. Imaging: Ultrasound: stones are shown as special acoustic shadows, and can also evaluate renal masses or renal parenchymal atrophy caused by hydronephrosis, etc. X-ray: the purpose is to determine the presence, characteristics and anatomical pattern of stones, to determine whether treatment is needed and to determine the appropriate treatment. 1.Urological plain film 2.Excretory urography 3.Retrograde pyelogram 4.Planar CT. In case of suspected hyperparathyroidism, bone radiography should be done. Endoscopy: including nephroscopy, ureteroscopy and cystoscopy. Treatment of upper urinary tract stones includes conservative treatment, etiology treatment, drug treatment, and surgery. Generally, if the stone is <0.6 cm, smooth, no urinary tract obstruction, no infection, pure uric acid stones and cystine stones, conservative therapy can be used first. Etiologic treatment: According to the analysis of stone composition made by the discharged stones or stones removed by surgery, the plan of drug treatment will be decided. 1, uric acid stones: because it is the product of disorder of purine metabolism in the body, alkalinization of urine, oral allopurinol and dietary regulation have therapeutic effects and are more effective. 2, cystine stones treatment requires alkalinization of urine to pH>7.8 intake of large amounts of liquid. α-mercaptopropionylglycine (α-MPG) and acetylcysteine have litholytic effects. Captopril has the effect of preventing the formation of cystine stones. 3. Infected stones need to control infection and remove stones; acidify urine and apply urease inhibitors, which have a role in controlling stone growth; limit the intake of phosphate in food and apply aluminum hydroxide gel to limit the absorption of phosphate in the intestine, which has a preventive effect. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (contraindications: urinary tract obstruction distal to the stone, pregnancy, bleeding disorders, severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, those with pacemakers placed, blood creatinine ≥ 265 μmol/L, acute urinary tract infection, lower ureteral stones in women of childbearing age, etc.) Indications: Stones of <2.5 cm in the upper part of the kidney and ureter with normal renal function, and the success rate of lithotripsy can reach about 90%. Surgical treatment is currently based on minimally invasive treatment, with less open surgery. Minimally invasive surgical treatment includes ureteroscopic lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy or lithotripsy, laparoscopic ureterotomy and lithotripsy, etc. Prevention of upper urinary tract stones includes drinking a lot of water, regulating diet, and taking special precautions according to the type of stones. 1, patients with oxalate stones can take oral vitamin B6 to reduce oxalate excretion; oral magnesium oxide can increase the solubility of oxalic acid in urine. 2, patients with uric acid stones can take oral allopurinol and sodium bicarbonate to inhibit stone formation. 3, with hyperparathyroidism, adenoma or hyperplasia must be removed. 4.Patients with urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract foreign body, urinary tract infection or prolonged bed rest should get timely treatment to avoid stone occurrence.