At the forefront of minimally invasive tumor treatment Over the years, the efficacy of tumor treatment has been continuously improved, mainly due to the following three aspects: the improvement of diagnostic means has detected more early stage patients; the further improvement of treatment means has improved the efficacy; and the supportive treatment has improved the general condition of patients. In terms of treatment, new technical means have broken through the bottleneck of conventional methods (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, Chinese medicine) and opened up new horizons for the treatment of tumor patients, making many complex treatment problems simple, safe and thus significantly more effective. One of the new advances in tumor treatment is the extension of conventional surgery. Non-vascular interventional treatment for malignant tumors: (minimally invasive surgery) Percutaneous non-transvascular interventional treatment is a technique to diagnose and treat many diseases by using various instruments under the guidance of medical imaging equipment such as X-ray, CT, B-ultrasound, MRI, through pathways other than blood vessels, such as through the natural openings of human physiological cavities or directly through the organs. In recent years, with the advancement of equipment and devices, the scope of clinical application has become more and more extensive, and the technique has become increasingly perfect. Percutaneous non-transvascular interventional techniques have the advantages of safety, effectiveness and few complications in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. At present, many large and medium-sized hospitals in China have carried out this technology one after another, and in some aspects it is close to the international level. The former has been applied to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of tumor diseases in various parts of the body, while the latter is mainly applied to the diagnosis of obstruction in the biliary system and urinary system. The application of non-vascular interventional techniques involves various systems throughout the body. For example, balloon catheter dilation and stent placement for malignant stenosis of the esophagus, gastroduodenum, colon and biliary tract in the digestive system, gastrostomy, direct drug injection therapy under ultrasound and CT guidance for liver cancer; direct puncture injection or direct current therapy for lung cancer in the respiratory system, metal endoprosthesis for malignant tracheobronchial stenosis, intraluminal perfusion therapy for malignant pleural effusion; percutaneous nephrostomy and stent drainage for urological system malignant ureteral obstruction, intracavitary perfusion therapy for bladder cancer; craniopharyngioma aspiration and sympathetic nerve block for central nervous system; MRI-guided percutaneous laser resection of deep malignant tumors, etc. Proper selection of guidance devices and techniques is the key to interventional treatment. Whether it is percutaneous biopsy, or percutaneous internal and external drainage and stent placement, convenient and accurate guidance is required to ensure the success of the procedure. The selection of the guidance method depends on the location of the lesion, the purpose of treatment and the interventional technique used, and can be determined on a preoperative basis. Cold circulation microwave ablation needle is another name for cold circulation microwave knife. It is the result of the application of microwave technology to the medical field. The cold circulation microwave knife is not a knife, it is a very thin radiation antenna. The specific practice is: under the guidance of B-ultrasound or CT, the microwave needle is directly punctured to the tumor site, and the polar molecules in the tissue move at high speed under the action of microwave field and generate heat by friction with each other, which warms up rapidly in the tumor, and when the temperature rises to about 60 degrees, the cancer cell proteins denature and coagulate, resulting in irreversible necrosis. At the same time, it has very little effect on other tissues, improves the immunity of patient’s organism and inhibits the spread of tumor cells. It is widely used in the treatment of liver cancer, lung cancer, uterine fibroids, bone cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid tumor, hypersplenism, etc. because of the advantages of fast temperature rise, strong tissue penetration, multi-point ablation can be carried out simultaneously, large ablation range, real-time monitoring of temperature, and precise therapeutic effect. 1.Hepatocellular carcinoma: ①Inoperable primary onset hepatocellular carcinoma: those who cannot perform surgery due to the patient’s age, physical condition, other diseases and the location of hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. ②Patients who are unwilling to undergo surgery. ③Hepatocellular carcinoma that cannot be operated by intraoperative exploration. ④Hepatocellular carcinoma that recurs after surgery. ⑤Hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple nodes; metastatic liver cancer. 2.Peripheral lung cancer: ①Patients who cannot undergo surgery due to their age, physical condition, other diseases and other factors. ②Patients who are unwilling to undergo surgery. ③Metastatic lung cancer. 3.Other: kidney cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, uterine fibroids, etc. The incidence of complications and side effects of cold circulation microwave ablation needle for tumor treatment is very low. The rapid heating up is not easy to control and can damage the surrounding organs. Occasional reactions include slight burning sensation during the operation and postoperative hypothermia, etc., after giving symptomatic treatment. Generally the symptoms disappear after 2-3 days, so this is the safest and most efficient minimally invasive tumor treatment method at present. With the rapid development of high technology, tumor targeted therapy (minimally invasive interventional therapy) has become one of the most rapidly developing tumor treatment methods in recent years. It integrates modern medical imaging technology, drug therapy, biological and genetic technology, and represents the latest development direction of tumor treatment in the 21st century. 1.Minimally invasive, less damage to patients, fast recovery; 2.Safe, no toxic side effects of radiotherapy, no damage to immune system; 3.Effective, direct ablation and destruction of tumor cells; 4.Cold circulation microwave knife can be performed alone, or combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, interventional or surgical therapies; 5.Particularly suitable for middle and late stage, incapable of open surgery, postoperative recurrence or metastatic tumors; 6.The treatment effect on primary small liver cancer is no less than open surgery; 7.The treatment effect on primary small liver cancer is no less than open surgery. It is no less effective than open surgery for primary small liver cancer; 7. Radioactive particle implantation is a new technology carried out in our department, which is called “radioactive particle implantation therapy”, and it is a treatment method to implant a radioactive source inside the tumor and let it release radiation continuously to destroy the tumor. It is a treatment method to destroy the tumor by implanting a radioactive source inside the tumor and allowing it to emit radiation continuously. Particle implantation technology involves a radioactive source, the core of which is radioactive particles. A substance known as I125 is now used clinically. Each I125 particle is like a small sun, with the strongest rays near its center, minimizing damage to normal tissue. Radioactive particle implantation technology mainly relies on the stereotactic system to accurately implant radioactive particles into the tumor, which emits continuous, short-distance radiation through a miniature radioactive source, so that the tumor tissue suffers maximum damage, while the normal tissue is not damaged or only slightly damaged. Since I125 particles are implanted directly into the human body and are radioactive sources, the indications should be strictly controlled. Particle implantation therapy can be traced back to the beginning of last century. As early as 1909, the first case of brachytherapy for prostate cancer was accomplished at the Radium Radiation Biology Laboratory in Paris, France, by using a catheter to place radium with a casing into the prostate. However, the early technique was not widely used because the improper dose could cause serious damage to the patient’s rectum. It was not until 1931, when Swedish researchers introduced the concept of brachytherapy and invented the dose table calculation method, that the risk of complications was reduced. In the 1970s, New York Memorial Hospital in the United States pioneered the treatment of prostate cancer with trans-pubic interstitial iodine particle implantation, which formed the basis of today’s prostate cancer brachytherapy. Currently, radioactive particle implantation for early-stage prostate cancer has become the standard of care in countries such as the United States, and its treatment concept is gradually gaining acceptance in China. Surgical resection is the preferred method of treating tumors, but failure to remove it during surgery or residuals remaining after removal can easily cause recurrence. External radiation therapy has a large irradiation range, high radiation energy and strong penetrating power, which often causes radioactive damage to the organs and normal tissues around the tumor and causes complications. The method of implanting radioactive particles (internal gamma knife) in the body to treat tumors is to accurately implant radioactive particles into the tumor or the tumor-invaded tissues under the guidance of ultrasound or CT, and kill the tumor cells continuously and uninterruptedly through the continuous low-energy rays emitted by the miniature radiation source, so that the tumor cells completely lose the ability to reproduce, while leaving the normal tissues uninjured or only slightly damaged, thus achieve complete treatment effect. In the Department of Oncology, there are more than 20 cases of primary and metastatic malignant tumors in the abdominal cavity such as liver cancer, ovarian cancer and kidney cancer treated with radioactive particles implanted in vivo under the guidance of B ultrasound and CT, all of which have achieved obvious curative effects. The clinical symptoms of many patients have been significantly improved, the quality of survival has been significantly improved and the survival period has been significantly prolonged. New Advances in Tumor Treatment No. 3 — Directed Chemotherapy Distinguished from Conventional Chemotherapy Vascular Interventions for Malignant Tumors: (Precision Chemotherapy or Directed Chemotherapy) Vascular interventions for malignant tumors include tumor artery embolization and chemoembolization. Although selective arterial perfusion chemotherapy is an important method for treating substantial malignant tumors, there are still characteristics such as rapid metabolism and excretion of perfused drugs from the drug delivery organ and failure to significantly reduce the toxic side effects of normal tissue cells throughout the body. The tumor supply artery is temporarily or permanently blocked by vascular embolic agents, such as gelatin sponge, stainless steel ring and autologous blood clot, to reduce the size of the tumor and facilitate surgical resection and intraoperative bleeding. For patients with inoperable advanced malignant tumors and arterial perfusion therapy, it can play a better palliative effect, relieve patients’ pain and bleeding symptoms, and prolong survival time. However, these embolization methods generally embolize larger arteries and branches, which can easily form collateral circulation to restore blood supply to tumor tissues within a short period of time, and the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory. In recent 10 years, many scholars have researched on new drug formulations, i.e. drug carriers, which can combine anti-cancer drugs and embolic agents into target arteries to embolize the terminal branches of tumor tissues and block blood supply, and slowly release chemotherapeutic drugs to play the role of local chemotherapy, and significantly reduce the drug concentration in body circulation and systemic chemotherapy toxicity, which is called chemoembolization and has achieved obvious results. The effect is obvious. The theoretical basis of chemoembolization is to combine the ischemic effect of tumor caused by embolization and the antitumor effect of chemotherapeutic drugs to achieve the purpose of killing tumor tissue. The main superiority of its synergistic effect is to increase the local drug concentration and prolong the local drug action time, while decreasing the systemic drug concentration and reducing the toxic side effects. There are certain side effects and complications of malignant tumor chemoembolization, and there are two major side effects and complications of malignant tumor chemoembolization: one is the complications caused by general interventional techniques and side effects of chemotherapy drugs; the other is the complications caused by embolization. Therefore, it needs to be done by specialized physicians to ensure the best efficacy and the lowest side effects. Tumor Biotherapy Chinese name: Tumor Biotherapy English name: Cancer Biotherapy Tumor Biotherapy is an emerging tumor treatment mode with significant efficacy and is a new treatment method of autoimmune anti-cancer. It uses biotechnology and biological agents to stimulate and enhance the body’s own immune function by culturing and amplifying immune cells collected from the patient’s body and then returning them to the patient’s body, so as to achieve the purpose of treating tumors. Treatment principle The immune system is the defense system of human body, which plays the function of removing bacteria, viruses and foreign substances on one hand, and eliminating aging cells and mutated cells (some mutated cells will become cancer cells) on the other hand. The result of the interaction between the body’s immune system and cancer cells determines the final evolution of cancer. For a healthy person, his immune system is strong enough to remove mutated cancer cells in time. However, for cancer patients, the immune system is low in function and cannot effectively identify and kill cancer cells; on the other hand, the proliferation of cancer cells will further suppress the immune function of patients, and, cancer cells have multiple mechanisms to escape from the recognition and killing of immune cells. Immunotherapy for tumors is to improve the immunogenicity of tumors with the help of molecular biology technology and cell engineering technology, and to supplement the body with Immunotherapy for tumors is to improve the immunogenicity of tumors, replenish the body with sufficient number of normal immune cells and related molecules, stimulate and enhance the body’s anti-tumor immune response, improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to the body’s anti-cancer immune effect, and achieve the ultimate purpose of cancer clearance. Biological treatment of tumor, its effect is not to kill all cancer cells, but to achieve the purpose of cancer treatment by removing tiny residual lesions or significantly inhibiting the proliferation of residual cancer cells due to the recovery of the body’s immune function when the cancer cell load is significantly reduced. Cancer immunotherapy is precisely to mobilize the body’s own immune system to kill and inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells through human intervention. Experiments and clinics have shown that the immune system of the body has the function of removing tumors. After the primary cancer is surgically removed or the local tumor is ablated by minimally invasive surgery such as argon fluoride knife, immunotherapy can kill the remaining cancer cells, eliminate the factors of recurrence and metastasis, increase the possibility of cure, prolong the survival time and improve the quality of life. It should be pointed out that biological therapy for tumor is better for scattered tumor cells, but is less effective for tumor occupying masses formed by tumor cell aggregation, therefore, biological therapy for tumor is the most single treatment means is not desirable. Therefore, biological tumor therapy is not the most desirable single treatment. Its outstanding effect is the combination of the above three treatments for tumor. Treatment advantages Biological cellular immunotherapy has the following advantages in the treatment of tumors: 1. 2. No pain for patients, good tolerance and strong tumor killing specificity. 3. It can stimulate the systemic anti-cancer effect and is equally effective for multiple foci or metastatic malignant tumors. 4.It can help the body to quickly restore the immune system and improve the long-term anti-cancer ability. 5.It is effective in preventing recurrence of cancer after surgery and has good long-term anti-cancer effect. DC+CIK cell immunotherapy DC+CIK cell immunotherapy is to culture stem cells in vitro, induce their differentiation into dendritic cells, and then induce CIK cells with antigen-stimulated dendritic cells to produce specific tumor-killing effects. DCs are the most powerful antigen-presenting cells (i.e., they provide tumor-related information to normally existing tumor-killing cells in the body) discovered to date, and play a role similar to that of a “radar” in the human immune system; CIK is a class of peripheral blood single nuclei cells that are induced in vitro by a combination of cytokines. CIK is a heterogeneous population of CD3+ CD56+ T cells, which are the main effector cells of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, produced in vitro after induction by a variety of cytokines, so CIK has the effect of both T cells and NK cells, which are the main anti-tumor active cells in human body. Medical scientists have described them more graphically: if T cells act as “cannonballs” in the human immune system, then CIK is equivalent to more powerful “missiles”. CIK cells kill tumor cells mainly through the following four ways: First, CIK cells can identify tumor cells by different mechanisms, through direct cytoplasmic particles to penetrate the closed tumor cell membrane, to achieve the lysis of tumor cells; Second, through the induction of apoptosis to kill tumor cells; Third, CIK cells secrete IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ and other anti-tumor cytokines. Fourth, CIK cells can activate the body’s immune system and improve the body’s immune function after transfusion. The combined application of DC+CIK cell therapy will achieve the efficacy of “1+1>2”, which can significantly inhibit the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, significantly improve the quality of life of patients, and enhance the survival of tumor patients, which is a new and more effective means after tumor surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This therapy can be used alone or as a powerful adjuvant after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy with remarkable effect. Combined with surgical resection, intervention, radiofrequency, Ar-He knife and other treatments, it can remove the very small tumor foci that cannot be removed by surgery or the tumor cells scattered in the body, and has an important role in delaying or stopping the metastasis or recurrence of tumor; for some tumor patients who are temporarily not suitable for surgery, intervention or other treatments, they can also undergo DC+CIK cell therapy first to improve their physical function, improve their quality of life and strive for other treatment opportunities. For some tumor patients who are temporarily suitable for surgery, intervention or other treatments, DC+CIK cell therapy can also be performed first to improve their physical function, improve their quality of life and strive for other treatment opportunities. Biological tumor therapy is a treatment method to produce tumor-killing auto-immune cells through biotechnology in a high-standard laboratory, and then infuse them back into the body to directly kill cancer cells. Unlike traditional treatment methods, tumor biotherapy directly identifies and destroys cancer cells existing in blood and lymph in human body without damaging the immune system and functions of the body, and restores and enhances the natural anti-cancer immune system and functions of the body. Tumor biotherapy can improve patients’ own immunity and quality of life. Biological therapy process Step 1: Cell collection: Peripheral blood is extracted from the patient’s body and the required mononuclear cells are isolated; Step 2: Laboratory cell modification, activation and amplification: The collected mononuclear cells are loaded with tumor antigens through laboratory technology to amplify anti-cancer cells; Step 3: Cell quality inspection: The cultured cells are screened one by one to eliminate the stunted and unqualified cells; Step 4: Cell transfusion: The cultured cells are transfused to the patient’s body according to the treatment course. After each course of treatment, the doctor will evaluate the patient’s therapeutic effect according to the therapeutic index to determine the best treatment plan. Applicable diseases Post-surgical tumor patients to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis; Patients with middle and late stage tumor who cannot undergo surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy; Patients with tumor who have failed radiotherapy or chemotherapy; Comprehensive treatment for tumor patients after radiotherapy or chemotherapy to reduce the side effects of radiotherapy or chemotherapy; Patients with leukemia after bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy remission; Patients with cancerous pleural or abdominal effusion; Some patients who are temporarily unsuitable for surgery, intervention or other treatments. Patients. It is also the best choice for those patients who are older, have poor immunity and cannot tolerate the toxic side effects of radiotherapy; 4. For patients with advanced tumors, cellular immunotherapy can improve the immune function of patients, improve the quality of life and prolong the survival period with tumors; some patients can significantly reduce the volume of tumors and strive for surgery or other treatment opportunities through immune cell therapy. History of development (1) In the late 19th century, Coley used Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptomyces sp. filtrate to treat cancer, called Coley therapy. (2) In 1953, Feley and Preho discovered tumor-specific transplant antigens in animals, which established the modern concept of tumor immunity, followed by a large number of clinical applications and animal experiments of various non-specific biological agents (BCG vaccine, Corynebacterium shortum, immune ribonucleic acid, transfer factor, etc.), which laid the scientific foundation for tumor immunotherapy in humans. (3) In the mid-1980s, Bosenberg and oldham et al. proposed the concept of biological response modulation (BRM), which established the theoretical and technical basis of modern tumor biotherapy. (4) From the late 1980s to the present: the application of cytokines, tumor vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, stem cells, immune lymphocytes and gene therapy methods have gained promising results. Development direction Tumor biotherapy is a very good treatment method after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Since the development of traditional surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy has entered a plateau, people have focused more and more attention on biological treatment of tumors. since 1980s, biological treatment of tumors has been developed significantly, and its important role in improving patients’ survival quality and reducing recurrence rate has been recognized and paid more and more attention.