The lumbar vertebral body is dislocated forward or backward or laterally on top of another vertebral body, resulting in compression of the cauda equina or nerve roots in the spinal canal, and the lumbar spine is subject to force variation, resulting in a disease mainly manifested by low back pain or lower limb paralysis and pain, which is called lumbar spondylolisthesis. According to the direction of dislocation, lumbar spine slippage can be divided into forward slippage, backward slippage and lateral slippage, with forward slippage being the most common in clinical practice. Lumbar spondylolisthesis can be divided into dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic and pathological types according to the etiology. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is caused by intersegmental instability of the lumbar spine and usually occurs after the age of 50 years, and is usually accompanied by reconstruction of the articular eminence at the site of injury and lumbar spinal stenosis. When lumbar spine slippage occurs, the patient may have no symptoms, but may only be detected during the radiograph; or may have various related symptoms, such as low back pain, lower limb pain, numbness, weakness, and in severe cases, abnormal urination and defecation. Patients with more severe spondylolisthesis may have a sunken lower back, a convex abdomen, or even a shortened trunk and swaying when walking. Spondylolisthesis does not always require surgical treatment. If there is no significant aggravation of lumbar spondylolisthesis, it can be treated conservatively by limiting the patient’s activities, functional exercises of the lumbar back and abdominal muscles and other conservative treatment methods. Regular review of lumbar spine X-rays for slippage. Failure of conservative treatment to relieve clinical symptoms or progressive development of lumbar spondylolisthesis are indications for surgical treatment. In general, for patients with painful spondylolisthesis, the younger the patient, the more definite the indication for surgery and the better the surgical outcome.