I. Reduce the gastrointestinal burden Surgery will make the gastrointestinal function suppressed. From a few hours to a few days after surgery, the gastrointestinal function gradually recovers, as shown by the disappearance of distension and pain, anal discharge, active gastrointestinal peristalsis or bowel sounds, and appetite. Corresponding to this process, there should be a gradual transition from a liquid diet to a semi-liquid and normal diet, and generally one diet lasts 1-3 days. Fluid food (liquid food) is a food in a liquid state at room temperature and is suitable for extreme weakness, difficulty in eating, and nutritional supplementation on the day of major surgery. Common liquid foods include sugar and salt water, honey water, fruit juice, lean meat soup, thick rice soup, lotus root powder, soy milk, milk, almond tea, over roasted oatmeal porridge, egg flower soup, broth with egg, milk with egg, yogurt, cocoa milk, milk with lotus root powder, clear chicken soup, clear meat soup, liver soup, etc. Should be a small number of meals, 6 meals per day, 250-300 ml each time, special circumstances according to medical advice. It is advisable to adopt short-term, long-term fluid diet should be supplemented parenteral nutrition. The total energy and protein content of soy milk and milk are almost equal, but the fat content of milk is higher, and 2/3 is saturated fatty acids, cholesterol content is relatively high, milk also contains lactose, most adults intestinal fluid and pancreatic fluid and other digestive juices do not contain lactase that hydrolyzes lactose, milk to the stomach coagulate into large and relatively hard blocks, so poor digestive function of people who eat milk will feel bloated. In case of intestinal flatulence, the amount of milk should be limited. Semi-liquid diet is a kind of diet between soft rice and liquid. It is easier to chew and easier to digest than soft rice. It contains very little fiber and enough protein and calories. Children with fever, oral disease, chewing difficulties, gastritis, enteritis, etc., whose digestive function is not yet able to adapt to a normal diet, can adopt a semi-liquid diet, and should eat fewer and more meals. Commonly used semi-liquid food are porridge, noodles, wontons, minced meat, vegetable puree, steamed eggs, etc. Less slag diet Food is characterized by less slag. Do not use vegetables containing much fiber, such as celery, leek, etc. Tofu, shredded potatoes, lean mashed meat, vermicelli, etc. can be used. Less dregs diet is suitable for children recovering from dysentery, enteritis and typhoid or recovering from gastrointestinal surgery. The first three days after major surgery should generally pay attention to the following points: 1, eat cold, overheated, coarse and hard food. 2, avoid eating spicy and irritating condiments, such as pepper, mustard, etc. 3, strictly forbidden to drink strong wine, strong tea and other stimulating food. 4, avoid excessive oil and too rough food, such as fried chicken, fries and other fried food. 5, early should not eat coarse grains, dry beans, hard fruits, vegetables with a lot of coarse fiber (bamboo shoots, celery, etc.), and gas-producing foods (such as radish, garlic, sweet potatoes, chestnuts, etc.). These foods are not completely unacceptable, but it is necessary to consider the amount and personal tolerance of these foods. People with special health conditions have their own contraindications: people with G-6PD deficiency should not eat fava beans, shrimps and crabs, etc. People with food allergies should not eat foods containing allergic food components. Gout and hyperuricemia Avoid foods with high purine content, limit the consumption of foods with medium purine content; avoid alcohol and alcoholic beverages because alcohol can inhibit uric acid excretion. For patients with gout, medication is also required. The first type of food containing high purine (100 to 1000mg of purine per 100g of food) is not eaten as much as possible. 1, fish and shrimp: white scallops, dried small fish, calf neck meat, mackerel, wind-tailed fish, salmon, sardines, swordfish, oysters, silver carp, shark, sea eel, black eel, fish eggs, grass carp, carp, caviar, grass shrimp, shrimp, lobster, shark fins, sailfish 2, shellfish: clams, clams, oysters, tamari, dried shellfish 3, meat: pork bones, pork loin, pork belly, raw steak, lamb, meat pies, gravy, broth, horse meat Venison, rabbit, goose, chicken, spotted chicken, stone chicken, 4, animal offal: animal liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, brain, intestines, stomach, heart and other offal 5, vegetarian food: soy, yeast, nori, shiitake mushrooms, bean sprouts, malt, dried sunflower seeds The second type of food containing medium purine (75-100mg of purine per 100g of food), can be eaten in small amounts. Do not eat during a gout attack. Fish: carp, cod, halibut, perch, pike, shellfish, eel, eel, squid, crab 2, meat: prosciutto, pork, pork brain, beef, tripe, tongue, veal, rabbit, venison Poultry: duck, pigeon, quail, pheasant, turkey 3, vegetables: silver fungus, kelp, peanuts, white sesame, cauliflower, cashew nuts, peas, green beans The third category of food containing less purines (per 1. Fish: mackerel, herring, salmon, anchovy, tuna, white fish, lobster, shark skin 2. Meat: ham, lamb, beef soup, chicken, bacon, shark skin 3. Bran: cereals, bread, coarse grains 4. Vegetables: asparagus, string beans, green beans, peas, green beans, kidney beans, red beans, spinach, mushrooms, enoki mushrooms Dried beans, tofu, dried tofu, figs, dried plums, black sesame seeds, tofu, enoki mushrooms Category 4 Foods with little purines can be eaten boldly 1. Grains: rice, wheat, millet, rice, capers, cornmeal, semolina, semolina, macaroni, noodles, bread, buns, soda crackers, butter snacks Vegetables: cabbage, cabbage, carrots, celery, cucumber, eggplant, kale, turnip greens, collard greens, lettuce, cut beans, pumpkin, bonito, zucchini, tomatoes, yams, potatoes, kimchi, pickles 3. Eggs and dairy: fresh milk, condensed milk, cheese, yogurt, cream of wheat Beverages: soft drinks, tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate 4. Others: various fats and oils, peanut butter, foreign vegetable jelly, jam, dried fruit, etc. Third, nutrition should be incorporated into a balanced nutrition. The proportion of the three major nutritional elements of sugar, fat and protein should be reasonable: 1, sugar includes both sucrose, maltose, glucose and other sweetened foods. It also includes rice, flour, cereals and other staple foods with starch as the main nutrient; because starch is also eventually metabolized into glucose. Excessive sugar should not be consumed after gastrointestinal surgery, otherwise it will predispose to hyperosmolar dumping syndrome (discomfort after eating caused by gastrectomy). Sugar energy supply should account for 50 – 60% of total calories, avoid intake of overly sweet foods, and starchy foods should be the mainstay. The daily calorie requirement for an adult male light worker weighing 70 kg is about 2000 kcal. Sugar should contribute 1100 kcal, which is equivalent to 5 bowls of rice (150g wet weight per bowl) or 5 white buns (140g wet weight each). Diabetic patients should be appropriate to reduce the proportion of sugar intake. 2, fat energy supply does not exceed 35% of the total energy, avoid eating animal fat, should choose easy to digest and absorb fat, such as vegetable oil, cream, egg yolk, etc.. The daily intake of vegetable oil should be about 10ml. If steatorrhea occurs in a few patients after surgery (refers to diarrhea when pulling out a lot of fat particles), the fat intake should be reduced. 3, should be supplemented with a high protein diet, choose easily digestible, essential amino acid variety of food, such as fish, eggs, shrimp, lean meat, soybean products, etc., protein energy supply accounts for 15 – 20% of the total energy, such as a person weighing 70 kg, daily intake of protein 70 – 140 grams. The best source of animal protein is fish, because fish is not only rich in protein, the composition of amino acids and the ratio between each other are similar to the human body, the utilization rate of fish protein can reach 96%, the fat of fish contains high unsaturated fatty acids, and easy for the body to digest and absorb, so we encourage more fish, such as yellow croaker, carp, etc. After entering the ordinary diet should eat more vegetables, fruits and other foods containing high fiber, in order to keep the bowels open and promote the excretion of toxins. Fourth, food therapy 1, to develop good eating habits (1) less food more meals after major surgery, digestive capacity than the original significantly reduced, only to increase the number of meals to make up for the lack of food, to meet the body’s demand for nutrients. Therefore, patients should eat at regular intervals, eat regularly and quantitatively, and insist on eating less and more meals, with 5–6 meals per day being appropriate. The main food and side dishes should be soft and easy to digest. Do not overeat. (2) Chew and swallow slowly After surgery, the grinding function of the stomach is lacking, so the chewing function of the teeth should play a more important role. For coarse and indigestible food, chew and swallow slowly. If you want to eat soups or drinks, you should pay attention to the separation of dry and thin, and try to eat soups 30 minutes before or after meals to prevent food from being discharged too quickly and affecting digestion and absorption. (3) Do not eat food containing carcinogens such as nitrosamines, benzo(a)pyrene and aflatoxin, such as salted fish, barbecued and smoked meat, pickled vegetables, stinky tofu, moldy and spoiled food. 2. Anemia diet Post-operative patients are mostly anemic, so they can eat animal blood, lean meat, fish, shrimp, animal liver, egg yolk, soybean products and food rich in protein and iron such as dates, green leafy vegetables and sesame paste to prevent and treat anemia. 3, after a long period of parenteral nutrition, after resuming feeding, attention should be paid to the supplementation of trace elements Trace elements are required for the maintenance of muscle enzymes, foods rich in trace elements include garlic, mushrooms, asparagus, corn, seaweed, kelp, nori, sea fish, egg yolk, beans, whole wheat pasta, nuts, adzuki beans and animal liver, kidney and ginseng, wolfberry, yam, lingzhi, etc. 4, to promote bone healing: fracture or spinal fusion after surgery need to promote fracture healing, different periods of postoperative dietary therapy methods. 1-2 weeks after surgery At this time, the fracture site or the surgical area is swollen with blood stasis, the meridians are inaccessible, Qi and blood blockage, this period requires attention to activate blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis, move Qi and dissipate. The patient’s appetite and gastrointestinal function are reduced because of the pain at the fracture site, so the diet should be based on light and appetizing, easily digestible and easily absorbed foods, such as vegetables, eggs, soy products, fruits, fish soup, lean meat, etc. The production is mainly steamed and stewed, avoiding spicy, hot and oily foods that are fried and stir-fried. As for soy bone soup, belongs to the category of fatty tonic, contains more fat, not easy to digest and absorb, there is a suspicion of inducing dry stools, this stage is best not to eat. Food therapy formula: 10 grams of panax ginseng, 10 grams of angelica, 1 pigeon, stew cooked and rotten, soup and meat, once a day for 7-10 days. 2-4 weeks after surgery By this time, the pain has been relieved, most of the stasis and swelling have disappeared, and appetite and gastrointestinal function have been restored. The diet should be changed from light to appropriate high nutrition to meet the needs of bone scab growth. Bone broth, chicken with Tian Qi, fish, eggs and animal liver can be added to the initial recipes to replenish more vitamins A and D, calcium and protein. Eat more vitamin C rich vegetables such as green pepper, tomato, amaranth, bok choy, cabbage, radish, etc. to promote the growth of bone scabs and wound healing. Food therapy formula: 10 grams of angelica, 15 grams of bone marrow, 10 grams of sequestra, 250 grams of fresh pork chops or beef ribs, stewed for more than 1 hour, soup and meat together, for two weeks. More than 5 weeks after surgery The petechial swelling in the operated area is basically absorbed, and bone scabs have started to grow and transform from bone scabs to bone tissue. The patient’s appetite is broadened and there is no contraindication in diet, and he can eat any highly nutritious food and food rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron and other minerals. Traditional Chinese medicine has studied this issue and believes that recipes for this period can be accompanied by old hen soup, pig bone soup, sheep bone soup, deer tendon soup, stewed water fish, etc. Recipe: 10 grams of Chinese wolfberry, 15 grams of bone marrow, 10 grams of sequelae, 50 grams of coic rice. Decoct the dregs of the bone crushed tonic and sequestra first, then add the remaining 2 flavors to cook the porridge and eat. Take the congee once a day for 7 days. Each course of treatment is 3~5 days apart and can be used for 3~4 courses of treatment.