”The common medical problem of decompensated cirrhosis is that there are about 500,000 deaths each year due to complications of decompensated cirrhosis. The treatment of AIDS combined with decompensated cirrhosis is even more difficult.” The most effective treatment for decompensated cirrhosis is liver transplantation, but the clinical application of liver transplantation is limited by various factors such as the shortage of liver sources, expensive costs, high surgical complications and the need to take immunosuppressive drugs for life after surgery, said Professor Liu Baochi, chief physician and doctoral supervisor of the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. Stem cell transplantation is becoming an effective treatment for decompensated liver cirrhosis. Liu Baochi has been engaged in general surgery for 30 years, specializing in hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. He pioneered splenectomy combined with autologous bone marrow infusion via portal vein in AIDS decompensated cirrhosis, which has achieved good efficacy in the reconstruction of liver function and immune function. Liu Baochi discovered that bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, various precursor cells, and a variety of cytokines and other substrates, “If we compare stem cells to seeds, the other components in bone marrow are like soil. Is transplanting seeds and soil together easier to colonize and develop at the transplanted site than transplanting seeds alone?” Liu Baochi first conducted experiments with animals and confirmed that it was safe. Then he did splenectomy for patients with AIDS combined with decompensated cirrhosis with trans-retinal right vein cannulation and buried subcutaneous fluid infusion system, and did autologous bone marrow for intrahepatic infusion via buried subcutaneous fluid infusion system, which was found to significantly promote the improvement of liver function in patients with AIDS combined with decompensated cirrhosis. And unexpectedly, the patient’s CD4+ T lymphocytes were found to be significantly higher during the follow-up. Liu Baochi said that the clinical observation brought encouraging and important findings: on the one hand, the autologous bone marrow trans-portal intrahepatic infusion promoted hepatic function reconstruction, and also immune reconstruction. This method of applying autologous bone marrow via portal vein infusion to promote liver function reconstruction has undoubtedly brought a new spring to the majority of cirrhotic patients. Liu Baochi introduced that some patients who were prepared for liver transplantation three years ago, after intermittent trans-portal infusion of autologous bone marrow, now have liver function and imaging examinations, suggesting that the original decompensated cirrhosis reverses to mild cirrhosis. Moreover, this treatment was extended to treat patients with massive ascites combined with abdominal wall hernia in decompensated cirrhosis, and good results were also received. During the hernia repair surgery, a subcutaneous fluid infusion system was buried through the right omental vein cannulation, and intrahepatic infusion of autologous bone marrow was done, resulting in improved liver function, reduction or disappearance of ascites, and reduced recurrence of ventral wall hernia. In decompensated cirrhosis with massive ascites combined with small hepatocellular carcinoma and ventral wall hernia, hernia repair and autologous bone marrow intrahepatic infusion were done first, and interventional embolization or radiofrequency treatment was done after liver function improved. It prolongs the survival time of patients and improves the quality of life. It is generally believed that when the CD4+ T lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients are below 200 cells/μl and enter the AIDS pathogenesis, they are prone to various opportunistic infections or tumors. After applying antiretroviral drugs to AIDS patients, viral replication can be controlled and immune function gradually rebuilt, but many patients may die from opportunistic infections or develop AIDS-related tumors before their CD4+ T lymphocytes are restored to normal numbers. Liu Baochi said that if the application of autologous bone marrow via portal vein infusion is added to the antiretroviral therapy to promote the growth of CD4+ T lymphocyte population, which can both inhibit viral replication and promote immune reconstitution, this will provide a new and important way for the reconstruction of immune function in AIDS patients.