1, cavitary tuberculosis: cavitary tuberculosis cavities that do not close for a long time, or cavities that are sometimes large and sometimes small, and sputum bacteria that are persistently or intermittently positive, especially in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis, should be treated surgically in preference after more than one year of standardized chemotherapy by internal medicine. This is of positive preventive significance to eliminate the source of infection and prevent the spread of tuberculosis. In addition, thick-walled cavities surrounded by thick fibrous tissue are difficult for TB drugs to reach the effective site; or huge cavities with tension cavities and diameter greater than 3cm caused by poor drainage due to bronchial lesions, cavities in the lower lobe or near the hilum, and cavities that have been repeatedly disseminated and improved by retreatment, etc. Pneumonectomy should be considered early to eliminate the source of infection and prevent the emergence of TB complications. 2, cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis secondary to varicellosis: sputum tuberculosis bacilli are mostly negative, but there are often recurrent small or large hemoptysis, and drug therapy is ineffective. 3, one lobe or one side of the destroyed lung: there are often extensive fibrous caseous lesions in the lung, and most of them are accompanied by bronchial dilatation and scattered multiple small cavities. If the initial treatment or irregular treatment is more than six months, if the sputum is positive or the clinical symptoms are obvious, and there is no obvious active tuberculosis lesion in the contralateral lung, and the pulmonary function and general condition permit, lobectomy or whole lung resection should be performed according to the extent of lesion. 4.Bronchial stenosis caused by tuberculous bronchiectasis or endobronchial tuberculosis: if repeated hemoptysis, infection or positive sputum and pulmonary atelectasis, surgical resection of the diseased lung is required. For lesions in the upper lung without clinical symptoms, they can be observed, but for lesions in the middle lobe and both lower lungs we believe that the indications for surgery should be relaxed appropriately. 5. Tuberculosis spheres and large cheese foci: The pathological changes are mainly encapsulated case-like necrotic tissue or tuberculous granulation tissue. If the diameter is greater than 3 cm, no change in the rule chemotherapy, and the patient requests surgery, it can be a relative surgical indication for surgery. If central lysis of the lesion occurs during clinical observation, or if tumor cannot be excluded, or if sputum is positive, early surgery should be performed. For those with small diameter, asymptomatic and sputum-negative lesions, surgery may be dispensed with if there are conditions for regular follow-up examinations. 6.Tuberculosis combined with hemoptysis: If the accumulated hemoptysis exceeds 600ml in 24 hours or more than 200ml at a time and there are signs of asphyxia and shock, if the bleeding site is clear and the cardiopulmonary function permits, patients with poor conservative treatment should be operated early. 7, pulmonary tuberculosis combined with pus or pneumothorax: early drainage should be performed, and if the effect is not obvious, open chest exploration or pleural fiber plate stripping should be performed.