People receive information from the outside world, about 90% from the visual channel. It is often said, “Take care of …… as you would your eyes”, which shows that good vision is extremely valuable to people. Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine-metabolic disorder. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, and it makes up the three major complications of diabetes, together with nephropathy and neurological disorders. Our survey shows that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is 44-51.3% among diabetic patients. In the United States, diabetic retinopathy has become the second leading cause of blindness. In our country, the number of blindness due to this lesion is increasing year by year, which may be caused by: 1. the improvement of people’s living standard and the change of dietary structure resulting in the increase of diabetic patients; 2. the progress and popularity of treatment, resulting in longer life expectancy and lower mortality; 3. the neglect of dietary control due to the application of hypoglycemic drugs; 4. the deterioration of retinopathy due to the rapid decline of blood glucose caused by unreasonable treatment. Some of them are pessimistic and disappointed when they hear that they have this complication; some of them do not care because there are no obvious symptoms in the early stage and listen to the nature; some of them are eager to find a solution and seek medical help everywhere, but they have never seriously carried out systematic diagnosis and treatment. Others even listen to the nonsense of charlatans and spend money to buy a disaster; of course, a considerable number of patients have cooperated with their doctors seriously for a long time, delaying or reducing the damage caused by the disease to visual function, prolonging their lives and improving their quality of life. It is our sincere hope that more patients will join this latter group. Predisposing factors and hazards of diabetic retinopathy: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is mainly related to the duration and degree of control of diabetes, while the age of onset, gender and type of diabetes have little influence on it. An epidemiological survey in the United States showed that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 7% in the less than 10 years group, 26% in the 10-14 years group, 63% in the 15 years and older group, and up to 95% in the 30 years group. Another report states that in type I diabetes, 63% of people with 15 years of disease have diabetic retinopathy, including about 18% with proliferative lesions, and 20% of people with total blindness; in type II diabetes, 75% of people have reduced vision to the point of inability to work, and half of them are legally blind (visual acuity below 0.1). There is also information that 50% of patients with peripheral proliferative retinopathy develop blindness within 5 years and 50% of patients with peripapillary proliferative lesions within 3 years. After blindness in one eye, 60% of patients lose their second eye within 1 year. This shows the seriousness of this complication on vision. Diabetic retinopathy is also a manifestation of systemic vascular disease. According to statistics, the survival rate for patients with early retinopathy is 90% within 7 years, dropping to 50% for patients with rapidly progressive retinopathy combined with significant hemorrhage and exudation. As can be seen, a detailed ophthalmic examination can also help to understand the extent of systemic vasculopathy in diabetic patients. The fundus vessels seen through the pupil are the only living vessels that can be observed. The “eye is the window to the soul” and the window to our understanding of the status of systemic vasculature, which should not be underestimated. Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy and causes of symptoms: The most common are flashing sensation and loss of vision. The cause of the flashing sensation is the scattering of light due to retinal edema. There are more causes of vision loss, such as macular edema, retinal ischemia or leakage invading the central macular hollow, vitreous hemorrhage, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and tractional retinal detachment. It is worth pointing out that the absence of perfusion of large capillaries outside the macula does not cause conscious symptoms. Therefore, when many patients present with symptoms, they often have advanced fundus lesions and delay the best time for treatment. The main clinicopathological processes of diabetic retinopathy are microangioma formation, retinal capillary and small artery atresia, neovascularization and fibrous tissue proliferation, intravitreal fibrovascular tissue contraction, and concurrent retinal detachment. Microangiomas are the earliest diabetic retinopathy visible on fundoscopy and appear as well-defined red or dark red spots. Microangiomas often appear in greater numbers on fundus fluoroscopy than on fundoscopy. Small microangiomas, which are difficult to detect on fundoscopy, can be detected on fundus fluoroscopy. The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and other systemic conditions: 1. Blood pressure: diabetic patients with hypertension are more likely to develop severe diabetic retinopathy than those without hypertension, and the incidence of hypertension is higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients in the same age group. 2, pregnancy: due to endocrine changes during pregnancy, blood sugar will rise, resulting in diabetic retinopathy aggravated in pregnant women with diabetes. 3, nephropathy: Patients with renal retinopathy combined with diabetic retinopathy have an increased incidence of neovascular glaucoma, which is difficult to treat once it occurs. Treatment and other considerations for patients with diabetic retinopathy: 1. Control of hyperglycemia: (1) The fundamental treatment of diabetic retinopathy is the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose should be controlled in the normal range by diet or combined with hypoglycemic drugs as much as possible, and insulin should be used if necessary. (2) A low-fat, high-protein diet and more vegetable oils can reduce hard exudation; small doses of aspirin can reduce platelet coagulation; sodium para-aminosalicylate can lower cholesterol and reduce bleeding. (3) Long-term control of diabetes: short-term control of blood glucose on the fundus is sometimes not easy to see, long-term maintenance of blood glucose at normal levels, the effect on the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy, has been recognized by scholars engaged in diabetes at home and abroad. Among those with poor blood glucose control, 94% have diabetic retinopathy, and nearly half of them are stage III or above, and 1/5 of them have reduced visual acuity. Multiple fasting glucose averages are closely associated with fundus changes. Among the cases with long-term observation for more than 20 years, those whose blood glucose has been well controlled still have normal fundus or only stage I lesions; those who failed to insist on controlling blood glucose had obvious fundus complications within 5 or even 3 years and eventually went blind. 2. Control hypertension and hyperlipidemia: diabetic patients are often combined with hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia, so while controlling hyperglycemia, treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia should be taken into account at the same time, and strive to reduce them to normal levels. 3. Regularly check the fundus of the eyes and receive reasonable treatment. Especially when the patient has a sudden loss of vision, he/she should consult the doctor in time. 4.Under the guidance of the doctor, receive the appropriate eye treatment for the patient.