Recently, during a gynecology consultation with a patient with stage IIIb cervical cancer, the patient was in tears all day because the physician told her that there was no indication for surgery, thinking that her disease was incurable and she would not live long. Such feelings of the patient and her family are understandable, but such requests are sometimes not right. Surgery is one of the oldest, most effective and clinically applied methods to treat malignant tumors, and its therapeutic effects have been clinically proven and deeply rooted in people’s minds. In their concept, the “best” treatment method for malignant tumors is surgery, and surgery will remove the tumor “completely”, otherwise the cancer cannot be cured. Therefore, once cancer is diagnosed, patients and their family members demand radical surgery, and even when doctors tell them that radical surgery is not possible, the patients’ family members also propose to “put the dead horse to the living horse” and insist on removing the cancer. Sometimes, some surgeons do not understand the treatment standard of tumor thoroughly, which plays a role in pushing the wave. For the treatment of some cancers, surgery is the first choice, but whether a patient can undergo radical surgery depends on his age, general physical condition, function of main organs and infiltrative adhesions around the tumor and systemic metastasis. 1. Patients with cachexia, severe anemia, dehydration and serious disorders of nutritional metabolism that cannot be corrected or improved within a short time. 2.Patients with serious heart, liver, kidney or lung diseases, or those with high fever or serious infectious diseases that cannot tolerate surgery. 3.Tumor with extensive systemic metastasis or serious adhesion to adjacent organs. 4.Cancers with difficult surgical resection, such as nasopharyngeal cancer, upper esophagus cancer, tongue root cancer, etc. 5.Cancers that are prone to early metastasis, such as undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the lung, mostly do not advocate surgical treatment. 6. Some cancers are infiltrating in all directions with unclear boundaries and cannot be removed cleanly by surgery, such as pancreatic cancer and tonsil cancer. Although some advanced cancers cannot be treated by radical surgery at the time of consultation, it is possible to achieve better results by remission after other treatments, such as low rectal cancer, which is not suitable for “anal preservation surgery” at the time of consultation, but after induction chemotherapy and preoperative surgery, the patient can be treated by radical surgery again. However, after induction chemotherapy and preoperative radiotherapy, the tumor can be downgraded, which creates conditions for “anus preservation surgery” and improves the quality of life of patients. Clinical results show that the concentration of cytokinin in the blood increases 10-fold after the patient undergoes surgery. It is secreted at an accelerated rate when cells are damaged and promotes cell division to restore the damaged tissue. Excessive secretion of this substance may suppress the immune response and thus allow cancer to metastasize. These findings provide strong evidence that cancer surgery is not entirely beneficial. It may reduce the immune function of patients and promote the spread and metastasis of cancer. Therefore, some experts suggest that surgery for cancer should be done with caution, especially for advanced cancer never to be reluctant to do radical surgery. In clinical practice, it is sometimes difficult to decide whether a patient is suitable for radical surgery, so some doctors do controlled surgery at the request of the patient’s family. After the surgery, it is found that the tumor is severely adherent or widely metastatic and cannot be removed, so the tumor has to be sutured as it is. As a result, not only did the patient suffer a knife in vain, but also the surgical trauma made the patient, who was already weak, “more weak” and soon left the world, “emptying both the human and the financial resources”, and regretting too late. This is obviously an irresponsible attitude. At present, various medical examination equipments and technologies are developing continuously, any kind of tumor should be treated strictly in accordance with the requirements of evidence-based medicine before starting treatment, and then decide whether radical surgery can be done after the condition is completely clarified and in accordance with tumor treatment specifications. Malignant tumors are metastatic, and surgical removal of tumors is easy to achieve, but will the tumor cells really be “completely” removed in this way? The answer is mostly in the negative. Therefore, tumors still need to be treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgery. Of course, surgery is not the only way to treat tumors, for example, the first choice of treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is radiation therapy-based comprehensive treatment. Lymphoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and spermatocellular carcinoma can be cured by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, so why do we need to go into the operating room for surgery? So far, the cure rate of malignant tumors has reached 45%, among which the cure rate of surgery alone is 22%, radiotherapy is 18% and chemotherapy is 5%. With the deepening of research on oncology, more and more experts have realized that surgery alone cannot cure all tumors. In recent years, with the rapid development of tumor treatment technology and equipment, clinical oncology has entered the era of comprehensive treatment, and the era of surgery as a single treatment method for tumors has passed.