Neonatal jaundice is mainly divided into physiological jaundice and pathological jaundice. Most of them are normal physiological jaundice, and if the symptoms are mild and of short duration, they are usually harmless and may subside on their own. If the jaundice is pathological, it usually indicates an abnormally high serum bilirubin level or a change in the nature of the bilirubin increase. It may also be a continuation or deepening of physiologic jaundice, leading to a variety of possible hazards in most newborns with pathologic jaundice. The presence of pathological jaundice is usually associated with excessive bilirubin production and impaired bile excretion. As a result, bilirubin encephalopathy can lead to neurological sequelae in newborns, even after treatment, which can have a significant impact on later life. If not treated promptly and effectively, it can even lead to death. The abnormally high bilirubin level also makes the child’s cells susceptible to infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasma, which can cause damage to the eyes, hearing, lungs, liver, nervous system, and other organs throughout the body, leading to functional impairment and increasing the risk of asthma, neonatal hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure, hearing impairment, and other diseases, seriously affecting the child’s quality of life. If the diagnosis of pathological jaundice is confirmed, it is recommended to cooperate with professional doctors for active treatment, which can be carried out through the use of drugs such as heme oxygenase inhibitors and microecological preparations, as well as light therapy and synchronized blood exchange, which can help relieve symptoms.