Under normal circumstances, the aorta is connected to the left ventricle, while the pulmonary artery is connected to the right ventricle. After the transposition of the aorta, the left ventricle is connected to the pulmonary artery and undertakes the pulmonary circulation, while the right ventricle is connected to the aorta and undertakes the body circulation. If the septum is intact, the pressure of the left ventricle connected to the pulmonary artery will drop quickly. Once the aorta is reattached to the left ventricle after the surgery, the systolic pressure of the left ventricle will not be able to undertake the task of pumping blood out to supply the body organs with the body circulation, making the child not survive after the surgery. For this reason, it is generally recommended to perform transposition of the great arteries within the first 2 weeks of life in cases of intact septum. If there is a septal defect, the blood flow can flow between the right and left ventricles, and the pressure of both ventricles can be maintained in balance. However, the pulmonary artery is subjected to the pressure of the left ventricle, which is prone to pulmonary hypertension and thus prone to surgical failure. Therefore, surgery should be performed at an early age for this type of transposition of the great arteries, preferably not older than 3 months, and obstructive pulmonary vascular disease may occur at an age older than 6 months. Here we would like to emphasize to parents that if a child develops cyanosis after birth, he/she should immediately go to a hospital with a heart center and consult a professional pediatric cardiac surgeon in order to get scientifically correct advice and not to miss the best time to save his/her life. 2.Surgical treatment methods: The surgical treatment methods for transposition of the great arteries are divided into two main categories, namely palliative surgery and radical surgery. 1.Palliative treatment method balloon atrial septoplasty (Rashkind procedure): When the oxygen deficiency is severe and radical surgery cannot be performed, balloon atrial septoplasty or atrial defect enlargement is feasible, so that the blood is mixed in large quantities at the atrial level to improve the arterial oxygen This procedure is now less commonly performed because of the possibility of anatomical correction in newborns. Pulmonary artery annuloplasty: complete transposition of the great arteries with large ventricular septal defect can be performed within 6 months to prevent pulmonary vascular disease caused by congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. In cases of complete transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum, if the diagnosis is late and the left ventricular function has degenerated, the current procedure can also be performed, and left ventricular training can be performed before the transposition. Body-pulmonary bypass surgery: If the child has severe cyanosis and pulmonary artery stenosis, it is not suitable for early arterial transposition, so the current body-pulmonary bypass surgery can be performed to promote the development of the pulmonary artery, and then anatomical correction can be performed later. Sometimes, in order to avoid excessive blood flow into the lungs, pulmonary artery circumferential reduction can be performed at the same time as the body-pulmonary bypass. 2. Radical surgery The purpose of radical surgery is to restore the normal blood circulation pathway of the child. This means that venous blood flows into the pulmonary artery for pulmonary circulation and arterial blood enters the aorta for body circulation. Depending on the site of conversion, there are atrial level transfer, ventricular level transfer and aortic root level transfer. (1) Atrial level transfer (Mustard or Senning procedure): The first stage is usually performed as a palliative procedure until the child is 6 months old. Because it is prone to postoperative arrhythmias and venous return obstruction, and because it can easily lead to right ventricular tricuspid valve insufficiency, it is less commonly used in clinical practice. ②Ventricular horizontal transposition (Rastelli procedure): This procedure is indicated for children with transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and stenosis at the outlet of the left ventricle connected to the great arteries. Since this procedure requires the creation of an extracardiac artificial conduit from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, it needs to be performed at the age of 3-4 years or older, otherwise the artificial conduit will not grow and will require multiple surgical replacements. (iii) Transposition of the great arteries: Transposition of the great arteries is a lesion in which the position of the two great arteries, the aorta and the pulmonary artery, is altered, and then the normal structure is restored by artificially transposing the two arteries back again. Compared to atrial transposition, the prognosis of aortic transposition is better. ④DRT surgery: Due to the many problems with the extracardiac conduit of the Rastelli procedure, this procedure was originally developed by our hospital by President Shengshou Hu for the treatment of children with transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and stenosis at the exit of the left ventricle connected to the great arteries. It involves transposition of the aorta and its aortic valve together with the pulmonary artery and its pulmonary valve. The function of the aortic valve is very well maintained, and the follow-up results show no pulmonary regurgitation, stenosis, or incomplete closure, and this procedure preserves the function of the child’s own pulmonary valve to the maximum extent possible.