The test report form is a record of objective data derived from the examination. Test items are many, here only from the qualitative and quantitative aspects of two, a brief introduction. Qualitative test, is to see whether the specimen sent to the test “to be detected” (that is, want to check things). Generally speaking, the presence of substances to be detected, reported as “positive”, and vice versa, reported as “negative”. The normal should not be the presence of substances to be tested, called “positive”, that is, abnormal. Quantitative test indicates the amount of test specimens in the content of the substance to be tested. Different regions and different methods of measurement of the test reference value varies slightly, the reference value is not equal to the normal value, but only a normal range.
(1) the three major routine that is, blood, urine, fecal routine examination.
①Blood routine includes 4 items: hemoglobin measurement, red blood cell count, white blood cell count and white blood cell classification count.
Hemoglobin (Hb): normal male is 120-160g/L, female is 110-150g/L;
Red blood cell (RBC) count: 4.0-5.5×1012/L for normal male, 3.5-5.0×1012/L for female, 6.0-7.0×1012/L for newborns. Increased hemoglobin and red blood cells are commonly associated with dehydration-induced hemoconcentration or chronic tissue hypoxia; decreased hemoglobin and red blood cells are commonly associated with various types of anemia;
White blood cell (WBC) count: 4-10×109/L for normal adults, 15-20×109/L for newborns, 11-12×109/L for infants 8 months to 2 years old; increased WBCs are common in inflammatory infections, bleeding, poisoning, leukemia, etc. Its decrease is common in viral infections such as influenza, measles and severe sepsis, due to drugs or radiation and certain blood diseases.
Leukocyte classification count (by percentage): Leukocytes are divided into 5 categories.
One is neutrophil, normal is 0.5-0.7, increase or decrease for the same reasons as the white blood cell count;
The second is lymphocytes, normal 0.2-0.4, increased in neutropenia, tuberculosis, whooping cough, etc.; its decrease is common in neutrophilia;
Third, eosinophils, normal 0.005-0.05, increased in parasitic diseases, allergic diseases and certain skin diseases;
Fourth, basophils, normal 0-0.0075, are of little clinical significance;
Fifth, mononuclear cells, normal 0.01-0.08, increased in the recovery period of acute infectious diseases.
② Urine routine includes physical examination, chemical examination and microscopic examination.
Physical examination is mainly to observe the color, transparency, measurement of urine specific gravity. Normal urine specific gravity fluctuates widely, generally between 1.015-1.020. Increased specific gravity is seen in high fever, diabetes, etc.; low specific gravity is seen in chronic nephritis and serious impairment of kidney function, etc.
Chemical examination mainly looks at acid-base reaction, protein characterization and sugar characterization. Normal urine is weakly acidic or alkaline, no protein, no sugar, often negative “─” said. Protein in urine is seen in nephritis, heart failure, febrile diseases and urinary tract infections, etc.; sugar is mostly seen in diabetes.
Microscopy mainly looks for red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, various types of tubes and crystals. Normal urine can have a small amount of white blood cells, epithelial cells and salt crystals. If red blood cells, white blood cells and tubular patterns are present, there is kidney damage, such as nephritis and urinary tract infection. Phosphate nodules are common in alkaline urine, and sulfonamide crystals are seen with sulfonamide drugs.
③The stool routine includes naked eye examination and microscopic examination. The naked eye mainly observes the color, trait and hardness. Microscopic examination mainly to see whether there are red blood cells, white blood cells, phagocytes, worm eggs, etc.
(2) Tests related to kidney function
Urea nitrogen (BUN): the normal value is (3.2-7.1mmol/L). When urea nitrogen is increased, it is seen in renal insufficiency caused by various serious kidney diseases, and also in heart failure and shock, after gastrointestinal bleeding, severe burns, etc. In severe liver disease, urea nitrogen may be decreased.
Creatinine (Cr): 88.4-177umol/L in normal whole blood and 53.0-141umol/L in serum. creatinine measurement is valuable in determining the prognosis of uremia. the higher the creatinine, the more serious the renal impairment and the poor prognosis.
Uric acid (UA): normal male 149-416umol/L, female 89-357umol/L. Increased uric acid is common in early renal insufficiency and gout, connective tissue disease, etc.
(3) Blood glucose
Blood glucose is a major indicator for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The normal reference value is 3.9-6.1mmol/L, above this range is mostly diabetes, below this range is seen in liver disease, hypoglycemia due to starvation, excessive insulin secretion or thyroxine deficiency, etc.
(4) Blood lipids
It includes cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids. Blood lipids are related to age, gender, dietary composition and physiological condition. Diagnosis of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, etc. requires blood lipid examination. The reference values of each of the blood lipids fluctuate in our normal people when fasting: cholesterol (Ch) 2.8-6.0mmol/L in adults; triglycerides (TG) 0.23-1.35mmol/L; phospholipids (PL) 1.94-3.55mmol/L; free fatty acids (FFA) 176-586umol/L.
(5) Microbiological examination
Microbiological examination includes bacteria, fungi, chlamydia, mycoplasma and virus. This is important to identify the causative agent and to select the medication to be used. However, in addition to bacteria and fungi, direct finding methods are more complicated. Bacterial culture, collection of blood, sputum, pharyngeal test, stool, urine, traumatic secretions and other specimens for culture, to see whether there is pathogenic bacteria growth, normal should be negative or a small amount of non-pathogenic bacteria; fungal examination, specimen smear or culture, the detection of fungi as abnormal.