1. What are the structural features of the heart? Why is the heart compared to a pump? The heart is divided into the left heart and the right side of the heart, the left and right heart is divided into the left atrium, left ventricle and right atrium, right ventricle, a total of four chambers. The role of the heart is similar to a pump, around the clock, the blood from the veins into the right side of the heart (from the right atrium into the right ventricle), and then pump the blood into the lungs, the blood in the lungs to receive oxygen flow into the left side of the heart, through the left atrium to the left ventricle and then into the arterial vasculature, the aorta and its systemic arterial branches will be blood transported to all parts of the body, all living cells for the human body to provide oxygen and nutrients. 2.What are the valves in the heart? The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is made up of three valves called the tricuspid valve. The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is made up of two valves and is called the mitral valve. Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, there is a valve made up of three half-moon valves, which is called the “pulmonary valve”. Blood in the lungs to take in enough oxygen, carbon dioxide, will flow into the left atrium, to the left ventricle, and then from the left ventricle another exit (aortic valve), the aorta and the left ventricle of the valve between the aorta is called the “aortic valve. 3.What are the components of the heart wall? Is the wall of the heart the same thing as the myocardium? The wall of the heart is made up of four chambers, the epicardium, the myocardium and the endocardium. The epicardium is a very thin membrane (plasma membrane) that covers the surface of the heart. The endocardium is a continuation of the endothelium of the blood vessels and is lined with the inner surface of the myocardium. The folds at the atrioventricular orifices form the mitral and tricuspid valves, and the folds at the aortic and pulmonary orifices form the aortic and pulmonary valves. We often refer to endocarditis as the inflammation that occurs mainly at the valves, such as rheumatic endocarditis and subacute bacterial endocarditis. Sandwiched between the thin epicardium and endocardium is the thick myocardium, and what we usually call myocarditis refers to inflammatory lesions within the myocardium. This shows that the myocardium is only an important part of the heart wall. 4, what is the conduction tissue of the heart? We start from the sinoatrial node, through the three interjunctional bundles to the atrioventricular junction, and then to the left and right bundle branch and the Purkinje fibers of the whole set of conduction pathway is called the heart’s conduction tissue. Sinus node is located in the right atrium and the superior vena cava junction of the place of the epicardium under the node, can give orders to the heart, so that the heart contraction on time; and the same way to the atrial septum is located in the lower part of the other “node” people called the atrioventricular node, through the atrioventricular intersection to the left and right two conduction bundles, the left and right bundle branch respectively along the ventricular septum on both sides of the endocardial deep The left and right bundle branches descend along the deep surface of the endocardium on both sides of the ventricular septum, and continue to branch, more and more fine, and finally divided into small called “Purkinje fibers” distributed in the left and right ventricles of the myocardium. 5. What is the pericardium? The blind sac that wraps around the heart and the roots of large blood vessels is called the pericardium. The pericardium is divided into two layers, the epicardium (plasma membrane), which is close to the heart, is called the dirty layer, and the wall layer consists of the plasma membrane and the fibrous layer outside. The two layers are closely attached to the roots of large blood vessels and are connected to form a cavity called the pericardial cavity. It contains a small amount of fluid, which plays the role of lubrication in mechanical devices. 6.What is meant by coronary circulation? Coronary circulation is the blood circulation formed by the arteries and veins that nourish the heart itself. Coronary circulation is the shortest distance in the circulation of the body, the blood in the coronary veins mainly through the coronary sinus back into the right atrium, the coronary arteries start from the root of the aorta, higher pressure, faster flow rate, the anastomosis between the coronary arteries is relatively small, thin, once a coronary artery of a part of the sudden obstruction, will cause myocardial ischemia, the consequences of the more serious. 7.What is the heart rate of a normal person? In the quiet state of the healthy adult heart rate of about 75 times / minute, the normal adult heart rate fluctuation range of 60-100 / minute, women’s heart rate is faster than men’s heart rate, physical activity and mental excitement when the heartbeat can be faster. Women’s heart rate is faster than men’s heart rate, but everything is relative, for example, often engaged in heavy physical labor or physical exercise people’s heart rate is slower, can be less than 60 times per minute, but this can never be said to be a pathological state, to be considered in a comprehensive manner. 8.How to detect heart disease at an early stage? When the following phenomena occur in life, it is recommended to do a heart examination in order to detect heart disease at an early stage so as to take effective measures. (1) Palpitations, fatigue, shortness of breath or dyspnea during physical activities. (2) Sudden onset of retrosternal pain or chest tightness and pressure during exertion or stress. (3) Left chest pain with sweating or pain radiating to the shoulder, arm and neck. (4) Rapid, slow, short or irregular pulse. (5) Sudden awakening during sleep or nightmare with palpitation, chest tightness, breathlessness, need to sit up for a while to get better. (6) Difficulty in breathing, chest tightness or chest pain during sex. (7) Feeling palpitations, chest tightness or chest pain when full, cold, smoking, or watching stressful movies or TV. (8) Feeling chest tightness, breathlessness and lack of air especially more easily than others in public places or meetings. (9) Palpitations and shortness of breath when walking up stairs more easily than before or than others. (10) Sudden bursts of palpitations, dizziness, blackness before the eyes, and a feeling of falling. (11) Children are less active than children of their age, or feel palpitations, shortness of breath, or fatigue when moving around, or experience bruising of the lips and mouth when moving around. (12) Feeling palpitations and fatigue even after doing some daily light labor after a cold, or feeling short of breath when walking a little fast. (13) Sudden chest discomfort and fainted on the ground, or have the feeling of “dying” immediately. (14) Difficulty in breathing at night when sleeping with a low pillow, requiring a high pillow position. (15) Swelling of the lower limbs. (16) Hypertrophy and deformation of the ends of fingers or toes. (17) Abnormal color of the face, lips and nails, such as bruises and dark red. (18) Abnormal sound of heartbeat when resting, or tremor when touching the heart part of the front chest wall with the palm of the hand. (19) Palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath or swelling during pregnancy. (20) Long-term pain in the left shoulder. 9, heart disease which seven taboos? (1) a taboo drastic weight loss. Excessive weight loss, resulting in a large amount of protein consumption and muscle tissue reduction, resulting in the decline of myocardial tissue, induced heart failure. (2) two taboo satiety. Three meals eat too full, the stomach wall expansion, will make the lung pressure rise, resulting in increased cardiac metabolism, easy to induce resulting myocardial infarction. (3) three taboo frequent night. The United States Boston Women’s Hospital, a study showed that the heart patients get up in the middle of the night is dangerous. (4) four taboo fat refusal. University of London nutritionist Saunders’s research shows that if the heart patients consume two times a week fish fat, its mortality rate than the restriction of all the fat, only eat high fiber food patients also 30% lower. Therefore, heart patients in three meals a day in the appropriate arrangement of fish and poultry food, help heart recovery. (5) five taboo canola oil. Canola oil contains 40% of erucic acid, heart disease after eating will make the blood vessel wall thickening, heart fat accumulation, aggravate the condition. (6) six taboo morning run. Japanese sports medicine experts found that early morning jogging can cause undue pressure on the heart, it should be taken for a walk, practicing gas and other ways. (7) seven taboo drinking. Including drinks containing alcohol, there is a risk of causing myocardial infarction.