Causes of stones: In general, there are many causes of stones, including individual (lifestyle habits, diet, water intake, ethnicity, activity level, occupation, gender, age, local anatomy, etc.), environmental (temperature, water quality, etc.), etc. In layman’s terms: there are many causes of urinary stones, and we can change too little of them, but we cannot stop changing them because we change too little. Symptoms and regression: stone classification: metabolic stones – uric acid, cystine stones, etc., infectious stones – magnesium phosphate amine stones, guano stones, carbonate, oxalate, phosphate stones, oxalate stones are the most common, stones can be combined with multiple components at the same time. Analysis of stone composition facilitates primary prevention of stones. Treatment: conservative treatment (including watchful waiting – for small stones, asymptomatic, no obvious obstruction; pharmacological treatment: anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, analgesic, rehydration, etc.), extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; intracorporeal techniques: percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy, ureteroscopic soft lithotripsy, multi-scope combined lithotripsy, bladder lithotripsy, urethral stone lithotripsy; laparoscopy ureterotomy (for specific types); open parenchymal, pelvic, and ureterotomy (rarely used, but still used in a few areas), and cystotomy (for patients with poor cardiopulmonary function, advanced age, and large stone loads). Overall, there are many methods, which vary from person to person and are problem-specific. Choose the safest, economical and effective treatment option. Stone prevention: removal of the cause, as described in my later special issue on stone prevention strategies.