The surgical treatment of lumbar compression fractures consists of two main categories, the first being minimally invasive vertebroplasty and the second being open fracture incision and internal fixation with an arch nail. When a compression fracture of the lumbar spine occurs, the specific surgical procedure is determined by the age of the patient and the presence of osteoporosis. In the case of older patients with osteoporosis, vertebroplasty may be considered for treatment, which allows the patient to reduce pain after a lumbar fracture and also allows the patient to get off the floor early. In the case of younger, non-osteoporotic patients with lumbar compression fractures, open surgical treatment is required. If there is significant secondary stenosis of the spinal canal, laminectomy decompression surgery is also required.