Most of the cases of hydrosalpinx are caused by acute and chronic pelvic inflammatory diseases, which lead to adhesions in the walls of the fallopian tubes and atresia of the umbilical ends, and the fluid secreted by the mucous membrane cells of the fallopian tubes cannot be discharged in time, resulting in fluid accumulation in the lumen of the tubes. There are many causes of hydrosalpinx, including uterine operations (such as abortion, medical abortion, induction of labor, upper and lower IUDs, repeated tubal lavage, etc.), impure sex, appendicitis, pelvic tuberculosis, etc. As the tubal lumen is connected to the uterine cavity, some patients may have intermittent vaginal discharge in cases of hydrocele. At present, the most common examination methods are tubal imaging and pelvic ultrasound. 1. Why does hydrosalpinx affect the success rate of IVF-ET? The fluid retained in the fallopian tubes can reflux into the uterine cavity, forming fluid in the uterine cavity, which can interfere with the contact between the embryo and the endometrium; the fluid in the fallopian tubes contains toxic substances that can directly enter the uterine cavity, affecting embryo implantation or causing embryo abortion; the fluid in the fallopian tubes is often caused by infection, such as gonococcal infection, which can cause permanent damage to the endometrium. 2. Why does fluid in the fallopian tubes appear and disappear during ultrasound examination? Hydrosalpinx is caused by blockage of the fallopian tubes, resulting in the failure to discharge the fluid secreted by the mucous membrane cells of the fallopian tubes in time. The secretion function of the mucous membrane cells of the fallopian tubes is closely related to the level of estrogen in the body. Therefore, most patients do not have hydrosalpinx during the early menstrual period in ultrasound examination, and hydrosalpinx may appear only after follicle development or the use of large amounts of estrogen. 3. What should be done for infertile patients found to have hydrosalpinx? For women with fertility requirements, surgical treatment is the best option for tubal effusion. The main surgical options are: tubal cisternostomy, proximal tubal ligation + distal tubal stoma, tubal resection and tubal embolization. It has been found that many patients who underwent simple tubal cisternostomy experienced a recurrence of hydrops shortly after surgery. With the development of medical technology and the advent of assisted reproduction, tubectomy or ligation has become a better option for patients with hydrosalpinx. However, tubal resection can affect the blood supply to the ovaries, resulting in a decrease in ovarian reserve. Therefore, for patients with poor ovarian reserve combined with hydrocele, it is recommended to freeze the embryos after egg retrieval before treating hydrocele, either by proximal tubal ligation + distal stoma or tubal embolization.