What is an STD? In the past, the meaning of STD was relatively simple. It is a systemic disease with obvious damage to the genital organs caused by unclean sexual contact. In the past, the four major STDs were syphilis, gonorrhea, soft chancre, and venereal lymphogranuloma. Some people include inguinal granuloma and call it the five major STDs, but on the one hand, this disease has not been typically reported in China, and on the other hand, it has yet to be confirmed whether the disease is a typical STD, so most experts still consider the four major STDs in the past. What are sexually transmitted diseases? In recent decades, with the development of society especially after the seventies, people questioned the inherent conservative concept of sex, especially from the western countries, put forward sexual liberation, etc. Therefore, through different ways of sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases and their pathogens gradually increased, also caused a variety of clinical syndromes and complications, as experts from various countries continue to deepen their research on sexual contact diseases, we all agree that the past The four classical STDs used in the past are far from covering the above-mentioned diseases. In 1975, the Permanent Council of the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to adopt the name of sexually transmitted diseases, replacing the old name of venereal diseases. In this way, all infectious diseases that occur through genital sex and similar behavioral contacts are included, that is, the general term for infectious diseases caused by normal, abnormal, pathological, and same-sex sexual behavior are called sexually transmitted diseases. What diseases are included in sexually transmitted diseases? Sexually transmitted diseases include more than 20 diseases so far. Viral infections: genital herpes, condyloma acuminatum, infectious molluscum contagiosum, AIDS, hepatitis A and B, cytomegalovirus infection, infectious mononucleosis? Chlamydial infections: non-gonococcal urethritis, venereal lymphogranuloma; bacterial infections: gonorrhea, soft chancre, bacterial vaginitis, inguinal granuloma; fungal infections: Candida albicans infection of the pubic area, ringworm? Helminthic infections: syphilis; protozoan and parasitic infections: scabies, trichomonas vaginitis, amoebic infections; insects: pubic lice. Among the sexually transmitted diseases, the number of viral infections (especially AIDS) and chlamydial infections (non-gonococcal urethritis cervicitis) is rapidly increasing in order to attract the great attention of those involved in various countries. The WHO estimated in 1980-1981 that the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among adults in developing countries was about 5-15% of the population (not including AIDS at that time). The incidence of genital herpes in the United Kingdom was 9576 cases in 1979, 10,801 cases in 1980, and 11,147 cases in 1981, with an annual increase of 13%. In the United States (private physician visit statistics) 29,500 in 1966, 260,000 in 1979, 500,000 in 1982, and 5-14 million recurrences, and it is even believed that 30% of the sexually active population in the United States has had genital herpes. Among some college students, the incidence of genital herpes surpasses that of gonorrhea, ranking second among sexually transmitted diseases. It is now estimated that there are more than 200 million new sexually transmitted infections worldwide each year. What is the difference between the term STD and the term STD in the past? In the past, STDs only referred to the classical four major STDs, while we now refer to STDs as the abbreviation for sexually transmitted diseases, which include more than 20 kinds of diseases, including 8 kinds of diseases that our country requires to report: AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis (mucopurulent cervicitis), condyloma acuminatum, soft chancre, genital herpes, venereal disease The meaning of STD is very different from the meaning of STD in the past. The most important thing is to have a good understanding of the meaning of the word “STD”. In fact, this concept is not correct. In order to figure out this problem, first of all, we need to clarify the definition of STD, what is STD? STDs are a group of infectious diseases that are transmitted mainly through sexual contact. In the past, there were only four types of diseases classified as STDs in China: syphilis caused by the syphilis spirochete, gonorrhea transmitted by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, soft undergrowth caused by Haemophilus ducreyi and venereal lymphogranuloma caused by Chlamydia infection. These four diseases are indeed transmitted to each other through unclean sexual contact (so-called sexual promiscuity), and therefore were once called “phimosis”, but in recent years, especially from Western countries, through different ways of sexual behavior, pathogens increase, clinical manifestations vary, new disease names appear, while scholars from various countries in the study of sexually transmitted diseases If we continue to use the four so-called classical STD in the past, it is far from being able to meet the needs of clinical, diagnosis and treatment. So, in 1975, the World Health Organization decided to adopt the name of sexually transmitted diseases instead of the old name of venereal diseases. This gave a new meaning to the concept of STD, and the scope of STD is not limited to the above four traditional STDs, but refers to the general term of all diseases transmitted through all kinds of sexual contact (including normal sexual contact between husband and wife, of course, also includes abnormal, pathological, same-sex sexual contact). After clarifying the concept of STDs, it is easy to understand why STDs are not equal to sexual promiscuity when you know that STDs are now said to be a general term for sexually transmitted diseases. There are many pathogens (such as chlamydia, mycoplasma, fungi, etc.) that normally reside in the human genitourinary tract and do not cause any symptoms, are conditional pathogens, and only when the systemic or local resistance decreases, or when the normal balance of flora is disrupted, they multiply and cause the corresponding disease and symptoms. In 1996, we conducted a survey on normal medical checkups in Tianjin and found that the rate of Mycoplasma solium infection among normal married women was 17.7%, and the majority of infected people did not have any clinical symptoms. Candida vaginitis is also a clinically common sexually transmitted disease that can recur, but is not always contracted through sexual intercourse. One spouse with Mycoplasma solium or Candida infection can transmit it to the other through mutual sexual contact. Therefore, some STDs are definitely associated with sexual promiscuity, but others can occur between normal couples, even in unmarried people. What are the possible symptoms of STDs in men? First of all, talking about male genitourinary tract symptoms, pain when urinating, medically known as painful urination, is the main manifestation of inflammation of the urethra, which can be burning pain, burning pain, burning sensation, and the degree of pain varies per person, some light, some heavy, this happens mainly in gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis. The frequency and urgency of urination is also a symptom of these two diseases and an irritating symptom of urethritis. Frequent urination means that you always have the urge to urinate, and you still want to urinate after you have just finished. Urinary urgency is a desire to hurry to have to urinate, otherwise you have to urinate pants, it is difficult to control urination, these are symptoms of urethritis and urethral irritation, if can be combined with a history of unclean sexual contact, should pay attention to the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases. Enuresis is the loss of control over urination due to incomplete closure of the dilator muscle in the urethra due to inflammation, injury or scar formation of urination, seen in the acute and chronic phases of gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis. Outward flow of pus from the urethra is a common symptom of acute gonorrhea and is the main feature in the diagnosis of gonorrhea. Non-gonococcal urethritis is a discharge from the urethra, but it is mostly a colorless, mucous or thin discharge, unlike gonorrhea. Here is a point, some people, especially young people, have an erection in the morning for different reasons or, after a slightly longer erection, the penis returns to normal and soft, then there is some clear mucus flowing out of the urethra, which is the secretion of the prostate gland, this is a normal phenomenon, not a pathology, do not confuse this phenomenon with STDs. The nodules, ulcers and inflammation in the male genital area including foreskin, glans and urethra are the symptoms of stage I syphilis hard or soft chancre. The actual fact is that you can find a row or two of neat bumps along the edge of the glans, which is more obvious when you are erect. The treatment, resulting in great pain for the patient. The pubic lice disease is the growth of lice in the pubic hair area, due to the bite of lice, the pubic hair area occurs in many itchy inflamed papules, some patients in the pubic hair area can be found in the activity of small lice. Some patients are afraid of passing on their pubic lice to their children and growing lice on their heads, which is not going to happen. However, pubic lice occasionally occur on the patient’s armpit hair and eyebrows, which is also very rare. Scabies is also a common highly contagious sexually transmitted disease, scabies in the male foreskin, glans occurs a kind of itchy nodules, long-term, this scabies nodules when the rest of the patient’s body scabies have disappeared, while the scabies nodules in the pubic area still need to be treated for a period of time. There are also large inguinal lymph nodes and ulcers, which in common parlance are swollen bumps on the heels of the thighs, while the bumps of syphilis are swollen, hard, painless and do not break down. The lymph nodes of soft chancre can form abscesses and ulcers, and lymphogranuloma venereum and inguinal granuloma can form abscesses, ulcers and fistulas in the inguinal lymph nodes, which are no longer early symptoms of STDs, but intermediate and late manifestations of STDs. What are the possible symptoms of STD in women? The symptoms of STD in women are more complicated than those in men. The vulva develops initial hard nodules (hard bumps) in stage I syphilis, and as they break down (commonly called long sores on the pubic area), this is the hypochondrium of syphilis. The second stage syphilis rash and lichen planus occur on the pubic area. These are semicircular bumps and flat bumps. Soft chancre disease in the female vulva has soft ulcers and is significantly painful. Genital herpes is also a common STD in the female vulva, which appears as a small pile of small blisters on the vulva, accompanied by mild itching and pain. Condyloma acuminatum occurs in all parts of the female vulva and is identical to the damage that occurs in the male genitalia, with a papillary, warty surface. The actual fact is that you can find a lot of people who are not able to get a good deal on a lot of things. We have found many doctors who rely on advertisements to treat patients with pseudo warts as condyloma acuminata, causing both financial loss and, more importantly, physical pain to the patient. The vulvovaginal Candida albicans infection, resulting in female vulvovaginitis, not only shows tofu-slag-like or curd-like leucorrhea, but also vulvar flushing, congestion, edema, and even erosion, should be treated urgently. The most common female vulvar itching, involving many diseases, common chlamydial infection, mycoplasma infection, pubic lice, Candida albicans infection, chronic gonorrhea, vaginal trichomoniasis, etc., can feel vulvar itching, so you should go to the hospital to check the cause of the disease, according to the cause of treatment, but also do not buy their own drugs on the street or see the advertisements to cure the disease. Another more important manifestation for women is the change of vaginal discharge, commonly known as leucorrhoea. The actual includes the change in the amount of discharge, the change in color, etc. For example, gonorrhea infection becomes yellow pus-like, trichomoniasis leucorrhea becomes thin and watery, white nymph infection becomes curd-like, etc. What should I do if I get gonorrhea during pregnancy? When a gonococcal infection occurs in a pregnant woman, that is, when she has gonorrhea, it is more serious than in a woman who is not pregnant. If a woman has gonococcal endocervicitis in early pregnancy and has an untreated abortion, the incidence of postoperative endocervicitis increases threefold, and the chance of gonococcal tubal infection also increases. Incidentally, gonorrheal pharyngitis in pregnant women can often be isolated, with symptoms similar to those of the flu and not easily distinguished, and acute febrile tonsillitis can occur in a few cases when gonorrhea is harbored in the tonsils. Disseminated gonorrhea infections, which are more likely to be seen in pregnant women than non-pregnant women, present with fever, rash arthritis, endocarditis, myocarditis, perihepatitis, meningitis, and sepsis. Gonorrhea infection during labor can cause premature rupture of the amniotic membrane, prolonged rupture of the membrane, chorioamnionitis, etc. Gonorrhea in pregnant women should be treated urgently, and care should be taken not to use drugs prohibited for pregnancy. Nowadays, the commonly used drugs are gonorrhea, Cilixin, Bacteroides, and erythromycin (without the use of odorless erythromycin). What should I do if I have a chlamydia infection during pregnancy? Prenatal chlamydia infection can cause amnionitis, postpartum endometritis, and post-abortion tubal infection. Pregnant women infected with chlamydia who give birth vaginally have 60% to 70% of their newborns infected with chlamydial pneumonia 10-20% of the time. Therefore, young women with chlamydia infection should be treated for chlamydia before pregnancy. Chlamydia during pregnancy can still be treated with erythromycin. Does mycoplasma matter during pregnancy? Mycoplasma infections can cause inflammation of the uterus and adnexa. Women whose reproductive tract hosts human mycoplasma raise the risk of spontaneous abortion. Usually human mycoplasma is associated with endometritis and postpartum fever. Mycoplasma decidua is associated with amniotic fluid infection, chorioamnionitis, low birth weight babies, and preterm delivery. What is the relationship between pregnancy and herpes viruses? Herpes simplex virus infection, or genital herpes, is a cluster of small blistering lesions that occur in and around the genitals. Incipient herpes simplex virus infection during pregnancy is associated with spontaneous abortion and preterm delivery. Infants born to pregnant women infected with herpes simplex virus during the first 3 months of life often have congenital malformations: such as microcephaly, human eyes, abnormal retinal development, and brain calcification. Herpes simplex virus can even cause life-threatening infections in the fetus. An infection called neonatal herpes infection is a serious and lethal neonatal disease, and it is estimated that most neonatal infections are caused by exposure during delivery to the second line of herpes simplex virus that causes genital herpes, and an additional 86% of isolates from newborns are herpes simplex virus type 2. It is estimated that 20-50% of pregnant women with initial herpes simplex virus infection return to cause congenital infection in the infant. When herpes simplex virus infection occurs late in pregnancy, approximately 50% of newborns born will develop herpes simplex virus infection.