1. Etiology of microscopic hematuria Various glomerular diseases: post-infectious nephritis, IgA nephropathy, hereditary nephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis, etc. Vascular: trauma, sickle cell disease, renal artery thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, arteriovenous malformation, congestive heart failure, hemangioma, hematologic disorders, hypertension, Nutcracker syndrome, etc. Urinary tract sex: urinary tract infection, hemorrhagic cystitis, nephrolithiasis, hypercalciuria, obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, tumor, strenuous exercise Interstitial sex: hydronephrosis, cystic kidney disease, renal calcification, tubular necrosis, herbal nephropathy, metabolic disease, interstitial nephritis, etc. 2. Etiology of carnal hematuria Urinary tract infection; trauma, perineal inflammation; urolithiasis, hypercalciuria; glomerular diseases (IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome, thin basement membrane nephropathy, post-infectious glomerulonephritis, purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis); hematologic diseases; tumors; Nutcracker syndrome.