Hypertension is a lifelong disease that cannot be cured because the cause of hypertension is not well understood. It can cause damage to the arterial system, brain, heart, kidneys and other organs, and can also cause strokes, heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases, leading to serious consequences, and has become one of the main factors of death in the elderly. In general, hypertensive patients often have headache, dizziness, insomnia, heartbeat, shortness of breath, fatigue, etc. Older patients often have memory loss, vision loss, etc. To determine whether these symptoms are caused by hypertension, the most simple and effective way is to measure blood pressure. Many hypertensive patients think that only taking medication is considered treatment, in fact, the occurrence of hypertension and poor lifestyle, to emphasize the importance of non-pharmacological treatment, in life should be everywhere to implement initiatives to control blood pressure, and medication to actively cooperate with, to achieve a smooth lowering of blood pressure. Diet and activities: 1. Diet (balanced diet): ① Regular rationing, especially for those who are obese or whose weight exceeds the standard by a large amount, it is more important to limit the amount of food eaten (seven or eight minutes per meal) and to increase activities appropriately to match weight reduction. ② Eat less food containing animal fat and cholesterol (such as fatty meat, animal offal, animal oil, etc.), but can supplement a certain amount of protein (lean meat, fish and shrimp, beans, soy products, milk, eggs, etc.). ③ Eat more fresh vegetables, fruits and miscellaneous grains (such as celery, radish, garlic, banana, persimmon, hawthorn, watermelon, etc.), in addition to foods with high iodine content such as kelp, jellyfish, nori, etc. are good for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, but they also contain more sodium and should be eaten in moderation, not in excess. ④ Less salt diet should be consumed: the physiological requirement of salt is very little (1.5g/d), and the general salt intake reaches 15-20g/d per day, which is the result of dietary habits. The salt intake of patients with hypertension should be controlled at 5~8g/d, but if it affects the appetite then there is no need to force it; in addition, alkali, MSG, saccharin, canned food, etc. also contain sodium and should be consumed sparingly, while less sweets and less sugar should be eaten, etc. ⑤ Eat less and more meals: the same amount of the same food, the meal number of people with lower blood cholesterol levels, the prevention of atherosclerosis is beneficial; especially dinner should not eat too much. ⑥ Quit smoking and limit alcohol: for the elderly who have the habit of drinking alcohol, a small amount of alcohol is not a taboo, the so-called small amount is generally considered to be no more than one bottle of beer, 3 taels of yellow wine or 1 tael of white wine per day, and should not drink strong alcohol; after dinner, it is not advisable to drink strong tea or strong coffee to avoid affecting sleep. 2, activity: At present, maintain a balanced mind, moderate exercise has become the core content of “therapeutic lifestyle change”, and exercise as the first-line treatment measures for metabolic syndrome. Aerobic exercise can prevent hypertension, increase and improve cardiopulmonary function, and reduce body fat. The common features are low intensity, rhythmic, long duration, uninterrupted and easy to adhere to. Older patients with hypertension do not advocate strenuous exercise. Second, the drug treatment of hypertension: the strengths and weaknesses of the combined use of drugs is the essence of hypertension treatment; adhere to the medication is the road to longevity of hypertensive patients. 1, the commonly used antihypertensive drugs have ten categories: ① diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide (Shoubisan), furosemide (tachyphylaxis), etc. ② sympathetic inhibitors: colistin, methyldopa, reserpine (reserpine), guanethidine. ③ β-blockers: such as cardioselective β1-blockers, atenolol (aminocardium), metoprolol (betaxolol) and bisoprolol, etc. In recent years, some new varieties such as celiprolol (still have α-blocker effect and vasodilator effect). ④α-blockers: such as phenazopyridine and phentolamine, prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin and uradil, etc. ⑤α- and β-blockers: such as labetalol, etc. have both α- and β-blocking effects. (6) Calcium antagonists (CCB): representative drugs include benzylamines (such as verapamil), benzodiazepines (such as diltiazem), dihydropyridines (nifedipine (cardiac pain, Bexin), nifedipine (Lopressor), nicardipine (Perdipine), felodipine (Boydin), amlodipine (Loxodipine) and lacidipine) and other three categories. (7) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI): for example, captopril (Kepoton), enalapril (Enhydrin), lenopril (Gemcitril), benazepril (Lotensin), perindopril (Asterix), ramipril (Ralte), silazepril (Ipinsu), quinapril (Yiheng) and fosinopril (Monox), etc. (8) Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB): This is a newer antihypertensive drug without the adverse effects of coughing, and is a promising class of antihypertensive drugs, such as losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, etc. The combination of two commonly used antihypertensive drugs together to make a compound tablet formulation can improve patient compliance. For example, compound aminoglutethimide (aminoglutethimide + hydrochlorothiazide), compound aminoclopramide (aminoclopramide + hydrochlorothiazide), compound captopril (captopril + hydrochlorothiazide), compound enalapril (enalapril + hydrochlorothiazide, etc.). ⑩Small compound, is a unique preparation of antihypertensive drugs in China. It generally contains 2 to 3 antihypertensive drugs, combined with a conventional starting dose of 1/3 to 1/8, and named after traditional Chinese medicine. These small compound preparations all contain hydrochlorothiazide. 2. Targeted antihypertensive therapy: Each hypertensive patient is evaluated by a new hypertension detection system that performs individualized drug selection, and therapeutic drugs are subsequently determined. When patients cannot effectively control blood pressure even after receiving conventional antihypertensive treatment, relevant tests can be performed to find the cause of elevated blood pressure and select antihypertensive drugs using targeted antihypertensive methods: ① elevated plasma catecholamines: α1 receptor blockers and β receptor blockers; ② elevated plasma renin activity: β receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI, such as Monol) and angiotensin II (iii) elevated plasma/urinary aldosterone: spironolactone; (iv) increased plasma volume load: diuretics; (v) increased peripheral vascular resistance: dihydropyridine calcium antagonists (CCB, e.g., Loxodren); (vi) positive anti-α1 receptor antibodies: α1 receptor blockers; (vii) positive anti-AT1 receptor antibodies: angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARB, e.g., Coxodren); (viii) Angiosclerosis and myocardial hypertrophy: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI, such as Monor) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARB, such as Corsoia). 3, the combination of drug therapy: evidence-based medicine shows that monotherapy blood pressure attainment rate is only 20% to 50%, and increase the dose is prone to adverse reactions; while the combination of drugs blood pressure attainment rate can be increased to 75% to 90%. Therefore, the treatment of hypertension often requires a combination of drugs. Calcium antagonists (CCB, such as Loxodren) are the most prominent in stroke prevention; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI, such as Monor) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARB, such as Cortisol) can reverse cardiac left ventricular hypertrophy, reduce proteinuria, and delay renal insufficiency caused by diabetes or non-diabetic nephropathy; β-receptor blockers and ACEI can improve blood pressure. blockers and ACEIs may improve the prognosis of patients with combined heart failure. Therefore, the combination of drugs can protect target organs by different mechanisms. In addition, the combination of drugs can reduce the dose of single drugs and offset the adverse effects caused by different drugs. The figure below shows the “European guideline recommendations for hypertension drug combinations”, and the solid line is the Class I recommendation (Level A evidence). Recommendations for follow-up of patients with hypertension: 1. Patients with initial hypertension should be followed up every one or two weeks after starting drug therapy. The blood pressure standard should be reached in one or two weeks, or four to eight weeks, and should not be rushed or changed frequently. 2, hypertensive patients should be followed up once a month even if their blood pressure is under control (in line with the health insurance department’s prescription for chronic diseases of no more than 30 days). 3, follow-up visits with the provision of blood pressure monitoring, abnormal results of laboratory tests (such as positive urine protein, increased urine microalbumin, high blood lipids, high uric acid, cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular hypertrophy, carotid wall thickening or atherosclerotic plaque, elevated blood glucose or abnormal glucose tolerance test, abdominal obesity or overweight, etc.), new abnormal symptoms or adverse drug reactions.