1. Kidney cancer markers: If people can diagnose kidney cancer earlier before the cancer metastasizes, then 80% of patients will survive. However, earlier diagnosis of kidney cancer remains a major challenge to date. In a new study, U.S. researchers found elevated levels of the proteins AQP1 and PLIN2 in urine samples from patients with kidney cancer, while levels of neither protein were elevated in urine from healthy people and, more importantly, in urine from patients with other cancer types or other kidney diseases. The accuracy of detecting early kidney cancer based on these two proteins was over 95%, and no false positives were detected in non-cancerous kidney diseases. 2. Non-small cell lung cancer markers: Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for the majority of lung cancers. Even when it can be detected at an early stage, the 5-year survival rate for patients with NSCLC is less than 50%. In a new study, U.S. researchers found that a metabolic enzyme called pyruvate carboxylase was overexpressed in cancer tissue from NSCLC patients. 3, Non-small cell lung cancer markers: In a new study, researchers from the United States and China identified the protein AKAP4 as a potential biomarker to effectively distinguish people with non-small cell lung cancer from those without NSCLC. 4. Non-small cell lung cancer markers: Early diagnosis is the key to treating lung cancer. Regular low-dose CT scans of patients at risk for lung cancer can confirm the diagnosis of this disease earlier. But these tests are more expensive, and patients often need to be exposed to X-ray radiation. In a new study, U.S. researchers analyzed blood samples from patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer months or years ago and found that a molecule called diacetylspermine was almost twice as abundant in serum samples from patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer six months ago as in healthy people. When used in combination with a protein called pro-SFTPB, the accuracy of this prediction of early stage non-small cell lung cancer can be increased from 70% to 80%. 5. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma marker: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with a high recurrence rate and high early metastasis rate leading to about 350,000 deaths each year. In a new study, German researchers analyzed 113 primary HNSCC tissues, 30 recurrent HNSCC tissues, 85 lymph node metastases, and 20 control samples of normal squamous epithelial tissue and found that protein MED15 was overexpressed in 35% of primary HNSCC tissues, 30% of lymph node metastases, and 70% of recurrent HNSCC tissues, while it was control samples were absent or under-expressed. This suggests that MED15 is a potential marker for recurrent HNSCC and has promise as a therapeutic target for recurrent HNSCC. 6. Pancreatic cancer marker: In the United States, pancreatic cancer ranks fourth in the number of deaths due to cancer. There is currently no way to accurately diagnose this cancer in its early stages, so when diagnosed, patients are already in the advanced stages of cancer. In a new study, U.S. researchers measured the levels of 88 microRNAs in plasma samples from 44 patients with intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas and 25 healthy individuals, and found 30 microRNAs that could be used to distinguish patients with IPMN from healthy individuals. They also identified 5 microRNAs available to differentiate between high-risk IPMN and low-risk IPMN. 7. pancreatic cancer markers: In a new study, by analyzing the urine of 192 patients with pancreatic cancer, 92 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 87 healthy volunteers, British scientists found that compared to healthy volunteers, the urine of pancreatic cancer patients contained three proteins LYVE1, REG1A and TFF1 in the urine of pancreatic cancer patients compared to healthy volunteers, while the concentrations of these three proteins in the urine of patients with chronic pancreatitis were significantly lower than those in the urine of pancreatic cancer patients. The accuracy of using these three proteins to detect stage I and II pancreatic cancer patients is over 90%. 8, pancreatic cancer markers: British researchers found that the combination of two blood tumor markers, CA19-9 and CA125, can be used as an early screening tool for pancreatic cancer, diagnosing pancreatic cancer up to two years in advance. This finding is exciting given that the survival rate for pancreatic cancer patients over five years is only 4 percent. 9. Hepatocellular carcinoma markers: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common types of primary liver cancer. Globally, HCC kills more than 600,000 people each year. Cancer is known to affect copper regulation in the body. In a new study, French researchers measured the ratio of different copper isotopes in the blood of 23 men with HCC and 20 healthy people. They found that the former had about 0.4‰ more 63Cu than the 65Cu found in normal subjects. This difference was also reflected in the sulfur isotopes 32S and 34S: 32S in the blood of HCC patients was about 1.5‰ more than 34S in the blood of normal subjects. This means that the blood of HCC patients is enriched in certain isotopes. The researchers hope that it will be possible to develop new blood tests for diagnosing HCC based on isotopic differences.