Torsion spasms Torsion spasms. Also known as deformational dystonia. It is a group of extrapyramidal disorders characterized by episodic torsional increases in muscle tone in the trunk or (and) extremities. Pathologic changes are mainly degeneration of nerve cells in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortex and degeneration of small nerve cells in the caudate nucleus and shell nucleus. The disease is most common in school-age children and adolescents. It is clinically characterized by dystonia and slow and violent rotational involuntary torsion around the trunk. The etiology of primary torsion spasms is unknown, with a family history in some cases. Secondary torsion spasms are often caused by certain neurological diseases such as encephalitis, carbon monoxide poisoning and side effects of certain drugs. Neural stem cells (NSCs) Neural stem cells (NSCs). Neural stem cells (NSCs) are cells that originate from or differentiate into neural tissues, and have the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation potential. In recent years, neural stem cell research has become a hot spot for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system injury. Neural stem cells transplanted into the host can converge and aggregate towards the lesion site of the nervous system, and can survive, proliferate, and differentiate into neurons and/or glial cells, thus promoting the partial recovery of the host’s missing functions. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have broad prospects for clinical applications, and research on them has been a hot topic in recent years. Cell knife Cell knife. A common metal microelectrode used to record cellular electrophysiological signals, with a tip diameter of 1-2 micrometers, which can theoretically record electrical signals at the cellular level. In brain stereotactic surgery, its role is to first insert it into a designated part of the brain based on the surgical target in the brain determined by CT or MRI, and record and observe its electrophysiological signals during the insertion process. Because different neural nuclei in the brain have different characteristic signals, in the process of its insertion into the electrode to the designated location, the electrical signals are guided through the electrode, amplified, and sent to the computer system for real-time processing of the electrical signals. The operator analyzes and judges the position of the electrode according to the frequency and rhythm of the cell discharge, the amplitude of the discharge and the noise level. If its guided electrical signal fits the characteristics, it is safe to change to another destructive electrode and destroy the target point by radiofrequency heating. Gamma Knife Gamma Knife. Gamma Knife Gamma Knife, also known as stereotactic gamma ray radiation therapy system, is a fusion of modern computer technology, stereotactic technology and surgical technology in one of the therapeutic equipment, it will be cobalt-60 gamma rays issued by the geometric focusing, focused on the lesion, a one-time, lethal destruction of the target point of the tissues, and the rays of the normal tissues of the human body through the virtually harmless, and the dose of the dose is reduced sharply, so that its therapeutic irradiation range and the normal Therefore, its therapeutic irradiation range and normal tissue boundaries are very obvious, and the edge is like a knife cut, which is figuratively called “Gamma Knife”. Brain Pacemaker Brain Pacemaker. Also known as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), implantation of electrodes in specific nerve nuclei in the brain releases high-frequency electrical stimulation, which inhibits the electrical impulses of these over-excited neurons due to the decrease in dopaminergic neurons and reduces their over-excitability, thus alleviating the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. The treatment relieves the three main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, and is especially effective in improving midline symptoms such as difficulty in starting and turning over. A pacemaker is a small, compact microelectronic device consisting of a pulse generator, an electrode, and an extension wire, all of which are implanted in the body. The implanted components do not interfere with the patient’s daily life. Spasm Spasm. A sudden, involuntary contracture of a muscle, commonly known as a cramp, that causes the patient to experience sudden, severe pain and uncoordinated muscle movements. Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) Dysphagia is a condition in which food travels from the mouth to the stomach. Dysphagia is the feeling of obstruction and stagnation in the pharynx, retrosternum, or esophagus due to the obstruction of food transportation from the mouth to the stomach and cardia. For patients with dysphagia, clinicians must pay attention to the fact that dysphagia caused by organic diseases must be differentiated from pseudo-dysphagia, which does not have the basic lesion of esophageal obstruction, and patients only complain of pharyngeal and retrosternal mass-like blockage sensation, but they often cannot point out the specific location, and there is no difficulty in eating fluids or solids, which are often accompanied by other symptoms of neurosis. Dysphagia is the most common symptom of esophageal cancer, and it is necessary to clarify whether it is caused by cancer at an early stage for anyone with dysphagia. Physical examination often shows weight loss, which leads to malnutrition in serious cases.