In recent days, Mr. Zhang felt itchy in his lower body, and when his symptoms were severe, he was restless and in pain. Coincidentally, his lover also had similar symptoms. The couple came to our department worriedly and asked if they had syphilis. After a careful history and examination, the answer was no. They had “genital syphilis”. What they had was “genital candidiasis”. This is a common genital disease in men and women, mainly including Candida vaginitis and Candida glabrata. It is a genital disease caused by a fungal infection called Candida albicans. The incidence of the disease is currently increasing due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids. The disease spreads easily among women and causes symptoms such as increased leucorrhea and itching of the pubic area. Since the disease can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, it is included among sexually transmitted diseases by the World Health Organization. Candida albicans is a kind of putrefactive parasitic bacteria, which usually lives in human skin, mucous membrane, digestive tract and other organs. When the resistance of the organism decreases, Candida albicans will multiply and when it reaches a certain amount, the human body will develop the disease, so Candida albicans is a conditionally pathogenic bacteria. In women, when the glycogen of vaginal epithelial cells increases and acidity is enhanced, Candida albicans will multiply and cause vaginitis, so this disease is common in pregnant women, diabetic patients and patients receiving estrogen therapy. In addition, the disease can be transmitted sexually, on the grounds that couples often develop it at the same time, and of course, Candida albicans can also be transmitted through public baths, bath tubs, bath towels, swimsuits, clothing, medical devices and dressings. In addition to the typical symptoms and signs, laboratory tests are essential for the diagnosis of genital candidiasis. Generally, direct microscopic examination of secretions can be diagnosed, and the culture and drug sensitivity of Candida can be used if necessary, which can make a clearer diagnosis and help further treatment.