The mechanism of formation of urinary stones is not fully understood and several theories exist. Abnormal calcium metabolism in the body is one of the important factors causing calcium-containing urinary stones. Urinary stones include crystalline aggregates and organic matrix. In normal human urine, there are substances that inhibit crystalline formation, growth and aggregation, including low molecular weight citrate and pyrophosphate, and larger molecular weight glucosaminoglycan and renal calcium, and changes in these inhibitors may also be associated with stone formation. Depending on the location of the stones, urinary stones can be divided into upper urinary tract stones, which include kidney stones and ureteral stones, and lower urinary tract stones, which include bladder stones and urethral stones. Upper urinary tract stones are mainly mixed calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones and simple calcium oxalate stones; lower urinary tract stones are mainly urate stones and mixed calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones. The causes and formation mechanisms of urinary stones are complex, and the clinical manifestations are diverse, making treatment decisions difficult. Removing the factors that induce stone formation, consuming enough water in daily life and improving bad habits are beneficial to inhibit stone formation and growth. With the advancement of science and technology, there has been a great progress in the pharmacological and surgical treatment of urinary stones. Pharmacological treatment includes treatment of renal colic, lithotripsy, lithotripsy and etiology. Surgical treatment includes extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, ureteroscopy, cystoscopy, laparoscopy and open surgery, etc. Each surgical treatment method has its own indications and contraindications. The specific treatment plan should be chosen according to the patient’s condition, combined with the local medical conditions and economic level.