Frozen shoulder, also known as frozen shoulder, frozen shoulder, frozen shoulder, and frozen shoulder, is a common clinical condition. It manifests as pain around the shoulder joint, reduced active and passive movement of the shoulder joint in all directions, and no obvious abnormalities in imaging examinations except for osteoporosis. The pain in the shoulder may be paroxysmal or persistent. The pain is severe in the acute phase and worsens at night, and some of it may radiate to the forearm or neck. The shoulder joint is restricted in abduction, external rotation, and posterior extension, and in the long term, joint stiffness occurs, and movement in all directions is significantly restricted. According to the evolution of symptoms, primary frozen shoulder is divided into 3 periods: (1) painful period, lasting 2.5-9 months, which is characterized by gradually increasing pain around the shoulder; (2) stiff period, lasting 4-12 months, during which the shoulder pain is relieved and is characterized by a progressive decrease in shoulder mobility, including active and passive external rotation, internal rotation and abduction of the shoulder, with the most pronounced decrease in external rotation of the shoulder; (3) remission period, which lasts for 4-12 months. (3) The remission period, which lasts for 5 to 26 months, is characterized by a gradual recovery of shoulder mobility. Frozen shoulder has a self-limiting characteristic, with the entire course of the disease lasting 12 to 42 months, with an average of 30 months, in untreated cases. However, even with maximum recovery, about 60% of cases do not return to normal, and the mobility of the affected shoulder is lower than that of the contralateral normal shoulder joint. Shoulder degeneration: Frozen shoulder is commonly known as “fifty shoulder”, which means that it occurs in middle-aged and elderly people over 50 years old, indicating that its onset is related to the degeneration of the shoulder joint. Cold shoulder: The shoulder is stimulated by cold, resulting in tension in the soft tissues of the shoulder and affecting the metabolism of the shoulder joint, which is an important factor in the onset of the disease, such as sleeping or exposing the shoulder in cold weather, or subjecting the shoulder directly to cooling equipment such as fans and air conditioners. Shoulder braking: prolonged shoulder fixation, resulting in muscle fatigue around the shoulder joint and slow joint circulation and metabolism, such as continuous use of computers, patients who need infusion, etc. The shoulder of the upper limb is relatively fixed for a long time. Shoulder trauma: acute sprain and contusion, chronic fatigue injury and certain occupational cumulative injuries. Such as accidentally doing throwing sports, playing badminton, tennis with incorrect force, etc. Diabetic shoulder: Frozen shoulder is highly correlated with diabetes. The incidence of frozen shoulder in diabetic patients is as high as 10%-20%, and in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is as high as 36%, and it mostly occurs in both shoulders. Therefore, patients with frozen shoulder should be checked for the presence of diabetes mellitus. Rehabilitation of frozen shoulder There are two main objectives of rehabilitation for frozen shoulder: to relieve pain and to restore joint mobility. Self-rehabilitation Patients should pay attention to keeping the shoulder warm and pay special attention to functional exercises to complement the treatment, consolidate the efficacy and promote recovery. Active exercises The patient should take the initiative to perform activities in all directions of the shoulder joint, such as shoulder abduction, flexion, posterior extension, loop, shrugging, shoulder rotation, chest expansion, wing spreading, posterior hand pulling and wall climbing, etc. Active exercises can improve shoulder joint mobility, and should be performed gradually and through self-monitoring. Passive exercises The patient should be assisted by others to perform passive activities in all directions of the joint. The amplitude should be from small to large and progressive, such as: (1) shoulder abduction, external rotation and supination; (2) forward flexion, supination and back extension; (3) rotation, alternating clockwise and counterclockwise movements; (4) internal retraction, abduction, forward flexion and back extension and other oscillation movements; (5) pulling and squeezing movements along the longitudinal axis of the humerus, etc. Medical intervention rehabilitation There are various rehabilitation methods, including exercise therapy, medication, massage, physiotherapy, acupuncture, cupping, plastering, local fumigation and sealing, etc., which are chosen by the doctor according to the patient’s condition.