Urolithiasis is a common urological condition and is often one of the main causes of hematuria. Urinary stones generally originate in the kidney and bladder, but the causes of their occurrence are distinctly different. The occurrence of kidney stones is mainly related to the patient’s constitution, metabolism and lifestyle habits, while ureteral stones are secondary to kidney stones. The occurrence of bladder stones is mainly related to bladder outlet obstruction, but also to metabolic abnormalities. For example, children with malnutrition and a low protein diet are often prone to bladder uric acid stones. Bladder stones in children are also sometimes associated with poor urination due to encopresis. Bladder stones in older men are often associated with bladder outlet obstruction due to prostate enlargement, which is one of the major complications of prostate enlargement. Urethral stones are secondary to bladder stones. There are differences in the symptoms produced by different stone sites. Kidney stones usually do not cause severe pain, but only mild vague pain with microscopic hematuria. When the kidney stones are large and form cast stones or antler-shaped stones, they can cause pain with infection and even fever, accompanied by hematuria and pus urine. Ureteral stones often cause hydronephrosis with renal colic and hematuria. Bladder stones can cause interruption of urination, difficulty in urination, and easily combined with urinary tract infection, accompanied by hematuria and pus. Urethral stones often present as acute urinary retention or blood dripping from the urethra. Kidney stones or bladder stones that cause long-term irritation to the kidney or bladder can even cause cancerous changes in the mucosa of the renal pelvis or bladder. The principles of treatment are different for stones in different parts of the body. Smaller kidney stones can usually be observed, and patients often have a history of stone removal, which can create a virtuous cycle of removal and growth, and growth and removal. Larger kidney stones may be considered for treatment by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy for stone extraction. Smaller ureteral stones can also be discharged on their own after conservative treatment. For larger ureteral stones that cause hydronephrosis, they can now be treated by lithotripsy through ureteral rigidoscopy or ureteral softoscopy to treat hydronephrosis. Bladder stones are definitely in need of treatment. The principle of treatment often requires finding the cause of the bladder stone and treating it together. If the child is malnourished, nutrition should be improved. If there is encopresis, it should be treated. Bladder stones are also treated by laser lithotripsy with a pediatric cystoscope. In elderly men, prostate enlargement is mainly associated with prostate enlargement, which is often treated together with bladder stones by transurethral resection of the prostate and cystoscopic laser lithotripsy. Urethral stones require emergency surgery because they can cause acute urinary retention, and are also treated by laser lithotripsy to relieve acute obstruction of the urethra. Urolithiasis is one of the main conditions treated by urologists, and the results of stone treatment are generally satisfactory to patients.