Calf swelling and pain can be caused by a variety of factors.
Physiological factors include muscle fatigue due to excessive exercise, compression of the uterus during pregnancy or increased venous pressure in the lower limbs due to body position.
Pathological factors include vascular and lymphatic disorders, skeletal muscle disorders, neurogenic disorders, nephrogenic disorders, hepatogenic disorders, cardiac disorders, endocrine and metabolic disorders, skin disorders, and pelvic occupying lesions.
The side effects of certain medications can also indirectly contribute to the onset of calf distension.