How to determine the direction of fracture angulation

The direction of fracture angulation can be determined by standing opposite the patient with the fracture and looking in what direction the proximal and distal ends of the fracture are angulated: first, it can be divided into anterior and posterior, which refers to the direction of fracture angulation, angulation toward the ventral or dorsal side of the patient. Second, there can be left and right angulation, which refers to the angulation in the left or right hand side of the patient. Third, there is separation and shortening, which means that the fracture pieces are separated from each other or overlap each other, representing separation and shortening, respectively. Fourth, there is also rotational angulation, which refers to the rotation of the fracture block around another fracture block itself or the whole under the pull of the muscles after the fracture, called rotational angulation displacement, which requires a comprehensive judgment if there are multiple fractures.