The etiology and pathology are still not well defined. The main presentation is pain in the bladder area or lower abdomen with urinary tract irritation, along with a negative bacterial culture of the urine.
Definition: Hunner’s ulcer or mucosal punctate bleeding in the bladder wall on cystoscopy; pain in the bladder area or with urinary urgency.
Exclusion criteria: bladder volume greater than 350 ml under non-anaesthetic conditions; no significant urinary urgency within 100 ml of water intake under bladder perfusion rate of 30-100 ml/min; no inhibitory contraction of the detrusor muscle seen under the above conditions; onset less than 9 months; no nocturia; relief with antibiotics, anticholinergics or antitussive drugs; urination less than 8 times daily; within 3 Within 3 months, had been diagnosed with bacterial cystitis or prostatitis; had stones in the bladder or lower ureter; active genital herpes; had uterine, cervical, vaginal or urethral tumors; urethral diverticula; cystitis due to drugs such as cyclophosphamide; tuberculous cystitis; radiation cystitis; benign or malignant bladder tumors; vaginitis; and those younger than 18 years.
Etiology: infection; mast cell infiltration; altered epithelial permeability; neurogenic mechanisms; reflex sympathetic dystrophy; urinary abnormalities; autoimmune.
Treatment: immunosuppressants, antidepressants, calcium channel antagonists, intravesical instillation (silver nitrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, heparin), neurostimulation, surgical treatment.