The prognosis of brainstem glioma in children is very poor, with an overall survival of only 7-14 months. Factors that affect brainstem glioma in children include the duration of the disease, the presence of preoperative cerebral nerve palsy, the nature of the tumor, its growth characteristics, and its histological type. Surgical radiation therapy is currently commonly used to control brainstem glioma in children, and most of the options for treating brainstem glioma in children have just completed phase II clinical trials or are in phase II clinical trials. Targeted therapies, autologous stem cell transplantation, and immunotherapy for this disease have been under investigation, and with the deepening of the molecular pathology of childhood brainstem glioma, the search for radiotherapy sensitizers and the emergence of various individualized treatment protocols will eventually improve the prognosis of childhood brainstem glioma.