HIV positivity, excluding the possibility of false positives, is sufficient to diagnose AIDS. AIDS, also known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is a comprehensive disease caused by HIV infection, characterized by progressive immune deficiency with a decrease in the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the human body, and secondary to a variety of opportunistic infections, malignant tumors, and central nervous system pathologies in the later stages of the disease. AIDS can be broadly categorized into acute, asymptomatic, and AIDS phases according to the different manifestations of its course. Acute phase symptoms may appear 2 to 4 weeks after the initial HIV infection, or directly into the asymptomatic phase. The duration of the asymptomatic phase varies, with an average of 6 to 8 years, and into the AIDS phase there will be persistent fever, weight loss, a variety of opportunistic infections and tumors. Individuals who are infected with HIV and have not progressed to the AIDS stage are usually called HIV-infected, and those who are infected with HIV and have progressed to the AIDS stage are called AIDS patients. Once the HIV test is positive (e.g., testing for antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, etc.), and the possibility of false positives is clearly diagnosed by a doctor, anti-retroviral therapy, such as tenofovir, abacavir, zidovudine, etc., should be administered, and the patient adheres to the long-term use of the drugs according to the doctor’s instructions. The aim of the treatment is to reduce the viral load, decrease the morbidity and mortality of HIV infection, improve the quality of life and prolong the life span of patients.