Thyroid disorders are divided into two main categories: thyroid disorders treated medically and thyroid disorders treated surgically. Internally treated thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism (commonly known as hyperthyroidism) and inflammatory thyroid disorders (including acute, subacute and chronic inflammatory thyroid disorders). Surgical treatment of thyroid disorders includes goiter and thyroid tumors. The main difference between the two is that thyroid diseases treated medically have abnormal thyroid function tests, while thyroid diseases treated surgically have normal thyroid function tests. However, the two are not absolutely isolated from each other, and they can be transformed into each other, especially in the case of medical thyroid disease that may also require surgical treatment. This article focuses on four types of thyroid disorders goiter, hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism), inflammation of the thyroid gland, and thyroid tumors.