Nodular goiter, also known as adenomatous goiter, refers to multiple nodules formed in the advanced stages of endemic goiter and sporadic goiter. The pathogenesis and etiology of nodular goiter are still unknown, and it is likely to be multifactorial, such as genetic, radiological, immunological, geo-environmental factors, goiter-causing factors, iodine deficiency, chemical stimulation, and endocrine changes, etc. The main manifestations of nodular goiter are enlargement of the thyroid gland. The main manifestation is that the thyroid gland is enlarged to different degrees, mostly asymmetrically. The number and size of nodules vary, and they are usually multiple nodules. Large nodular goiter can cause compression symptoms, dyspnea, dysphagia and hoarseness. Acute hemorrhage within the nodule may result in sudden enlargement of the mass and pain. If left untreated there may be a risk of secondary hyperthyroidism and cancer. Thyroid adenomas are the most common benign thyroid tumors. According to morphology, they can be divided into follicular and papillary cystic adenomas. It is common in young women; most of them have no conscious symptoms, and they are often found unintentionally as lumps in the anterior neck region; most of them are single and painless. Tumor growth is slow, once bleeding or cystic changes within the tumor, the volume can suddenly increase, and accompanied by pain and pressure. Thyroid adenoma behind the sternum may cause dyspnea and superior vena cava compression after compressing the trachea and large blood vessels. If left untreated, there is a risk of secondary hyperthyroidism and cancer. There are four main types of thyroid cancer: papillary adenocarcinoma, follicular adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated adenocarcinoma and medullary adenocarcinoma. Most of them are asymptomatic, but occasionally a nodule or lump is found in the anterior neck area, and some lumps have existed for many years but have rapidly increased in size or metastasized recently. Some of them have been in existence for many years but have increased rapidly or metastasized recently. Local signs are also different, some of them are asymmetric nodules or lumps in the thyroid gland, and the lumps are in the gland and move up and down with swallowing. When the surrounding tissue or trachea is invaded, the mass is fixed. Nodular goiter is mostly benign, but it should be operated as early as possible if there are pressure symptoms, affecting work and life, secondary intracapsular hemorrhage, combined with hyperthyroidism, or suspected of malignant changes (incidence rate is 5%~20%). Thyroid adenoma has the possibility of causing hyperthyroidism (incidence rate is about 20%) and malignant transformation (incidence rate is about 10%), so the thyroid gland, including the affected side of the adenoma, should be resected in large part or in part (the adenoma is small) at an early stage. The rules of management of diagnosed thyroid cancer depend on the patient’s physical condition, the pathologic type of the cancer and the clinical stage. The prognosis is mainly closely related to the pathological type of the tumor, such as papillary adenocarcinoma with a 10-year survival rate of nearly 90% after surgery, whereas undifferentiated carcinoma has a very short course and usually survives for only a few months.