Swelling of the vaginal mucosa is most often associated with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The cause of rhabdomyosarcoma is unclear. It is a malignant tumor of soft tissue composed of variously differentiated rhabdomyoblasts. The disease may be associated with genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities, and gene fusions. There are no obvious effective preventive measures. Rhabdomyosarcoma is mainly resected surgically, including the entire muscle where the tumor is located. For embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, in addition to resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be combined to relieve symptoms. The location of rhabdomyosarcoma will affect the prognosis. The prognosis is better if it occurs in the head, neck and genitourinary region, and worse if it occurs in the extremities and trunk. Currently, the 5-year survival rate is close to 80% when combined with surgical radiotherapy and chemotherapy for those without metastases before starting treatment. Two-thirds of children with rhabdomyosarcoma survive, with the most important aspect being the resection of the tumor: children with class I rhabdomyosarcoma are treated well, with more than 90% not recurring.