Complete resection is highly recommended for unexpected gallbladder cancer that shows resectable stage T1b (invasion of the muscular layer) or larger after performing tests including laparoscopy. patients with stage T1a (invasion of the lamina propria) who have already undergone complete cholecystectomy do not benefit from re-excision and should only be kept under observation. In case of unexpected intraoperative detection of gallbladder cancer, simultaneous staging evaluation should be performed during surgery and the decision to perform extended cholecystectomy (total hepatectomy + lymphatic dissection with ± bile duct resection) should be made based on resectability as well as physician opinion. Complete surgical resection is the only possible curative treatment. Cholecystectomy includes extended cholecystectomy, including total hepatectomy and lymphatic drainage (hilar, hepatogastric ligament, retroduodenal) with or without bile duct resection. Major hepatic resection including caudate lobectomy, such as extended right lobe resection with hilar resection has improved the resectability and cure rate of stage 3 and 4 hilar cholangiocarcinoma and prolonged the 5-year survival rate of patients. Preoperative transarterial or venous embolization increased the volume of the residual liver in patients with an expected postoperative residual volume of <25% and may reduce postoperative liver dysfunction. Indications for biliary drainage should be systematically discussed preoperatively with an experienced surgeon. Even when patients receive aggressive surgical treatment, the 5-year survival rate is only 5% to 10% for gallbladder cancer and 10% to 40% for bile duct cancer. Chemotherapy with the addition of 5-Fu provides a small postoperative survival benefit for patients receiving nonradical gallbladder cancer. Postoperative treatment of nonradical resection of bile duct cancer remains controversial, with both supportive therapy and palliative chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Local adjuvant therapy should be considered due to a 52% local recurrence rate after surgery for gallbladder and biliary tract tumors. Retrospective studies suggest that adjuvant and, more recently, neoadjuvant chemotherapy may provide a survival benefit for gallbladder and biliary tract tumors, and that postoperative radiotherapy may be considered an option. 5-Fu is most commonly used in radiotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma, and gemcitabine in combination with or without oxaliplatin may be used in radiotherapy for this disease. Efficacy evaluation by cholangiography at the time of routine stent replacement is recommended 3 months after photodynamic therapy and 2 or 3 cycles (8-12 weeks) after chemotherapy for clinical evaluation, subjective symptom evaluation, blood tests and repeat radiology or ultrasonography that initially showed abnormalities. There was no evidence that regular follow-up after initial treatment influenced the outcome. Follow-up of patients after complete resection should take into account symptoms, nutrition and psychological issues with only some history taking and physical examination.