Bone tumors are tumors that occur in bones or their accessory tissues (blood vessels, nerves, bone marrow, etc.), with an incidence rate of about 0.01% in the population. Primary benign bone tumors are more common in chondrosarcoma; malignant bone tumors are more common in osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. There is another common tumor: giant cell tumor of bone, which is between benign and malignant and is a junctional tumor. Among the malignant tumors, osteosarcoma is the most common, and it is more likely to occur in adolescents, with low 5-year survival rate, high amputation rate and poor functional recovery after surgery, which causes great pain and economic pressure to patients, families and even society. About 80% to 90% of osteosarcomas occur in the long tubular epiphyses of the limbs, especially the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal humerus. Osteosarcoma is sensitive to chemotherapy, and the emergence of the concept of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an important breakthrough in the history of osteosarcoma treatment, which simply refers to the application of systemic chemotherapy prior to the local implementation of surgery for osteosarcoma and the continuation of chemotherapy after surgery according to drug sensitivity. The common chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat osteosarcoma include 3 major classes: adriamycin, cisplatin and methotrexate. In recent years, foreign researchers have found that isocyclophosphamide is also effective in osteosarcoma and is now used in clinical practice. Before the advent of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the surgical approach for osteosarcoma was mostly amputation, but the 5-year survival rate of patients was still less than 20%, and the main cause of death for patients was lung metastasis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can make the tumor boundary exact and achieve complete resection of the tumor, which increases the 5-year survival rate of osteosarcoma from less than 20% to 60%-70%, and makes limb-preserving surgery the first choice of surgical treatment. The common methods of limb preservation surgery include autologous or allogeneic bone and joint transplantation, tumor segment bone inactivation and replantation, and artificial prosthesis replacement, among which tumor segment bone inactivation and replantation refers to the loss of biological activity of the removed tumor segment bone through chemical, high temperature and freezing methods, and then replantation to preserve the limb function. For children in the physical growth phase, limb-preserving reconstruction with preservation of the epiphysis may be an option. The advent of these surgical modalities has improved the quality of life of patients with osteosarcoma and provided a broader perspective for the treatment of osteosarcoma. In addition to the primary tumors mentioned above, bone is also a common site of metastasis for other malignancies, in the order of breast cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, and malignant melanoma. Metastases can involve all bones in the body, mostly in the thoracolumbar segment of the spine. The main symptom of bone metastases is pain. When the tumor or pathological fracture involves the nerves, characteristic radiating pain, fasciculation or paraplegia will occur. Previously, the traditional view was that once the tumor metastases occurred, surgical treatment was of little significance. However, with the improvement of treatment technology, the prognosis of many tumors such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer and kidney cancer has been significantly improved, for example, it is not uncommon for thyroid cancer patients to survive with cancer for more than 10 years. Therefore, the general understanding now is that when bone metastases appear, surgical treatment should be actively performed to improve the patient’s quality of life. For patients with bone metastases who are expected to survive for a long time, reasonable surgery can achieve the following objectives: 1. treatment and prevention of pathological fractures. 2. relief of spinal cord compression. 3. relief of compressive pain caused by bone metastases. 4. removal of part of the lesion. 5. plastic surgery and rehabilitation. Through appropriate surgical treatment, such as scraping of tumor lesions, internal fixation of bone graft, artificial prosthesis replacement, etc., most patients with bone metastases can restore limb function and achieve the ability to take care of themselves, and some can even go back to work and realize their life value. Early detection of bone tumor is very helpful for doctors’ treatment and patients’ prognosis, so it is very important to know the common symptoms of bone tumor for early detection and timely consultation. Pain in bone or joint (including pain in spine), bony mass, and limb dysfunction are considered to be the three main signs of bone tumors, especially malignant bone tumors. However, unfortunately, osteosarcoma, as a rapidly developing malignant tumor, does not have obvious early symptoms and can often present with only mild pain, and because its onset is mostly in adolescents, the symptoms of pain are often misdiagnosed as growing pains or post-exercise pain. The difference between growing pain and tumor-induced pain is that the former is muscle pain, which occurs intermittently and relieves after rest, while the latter lasts for a long time and has high pain intensity without obvious causes. Therefore, when adolescents suddenly experience pain around the knee joint of unknown origin, which cannot be relieved after rest and worsens at night, they should seek medical consultation at a specialized hospital in time to exclude the possibility of tumor. The diagnosis of bone tumor is sometimes not easy, and it needs to rely on the comprehensive analysis of clinical, imaging and pathology, one of which is indispensable. In addition, the result of pathology report plays a decisive role in the surgical approach and scope, and the combined analysis of imaging data such as X-ray, CT and MRI can help to clarify the scope of tumor, and the influence of these on the treatment of bone tumor is self-evident. We hope that through the joint efforts of doctors and researchers, we can better treat bone tumors in the near future and return a healthy body to the people!