Among men, those with heart rates of 75-89 beats/min and ≥90 beats/min had a relatively higher risk of cardiovascular disease compared to those with heart rates of 60-74 beats/min, with an increased risk of 12% and 32%, respectively; among women, those with heart rates ≥90 beats/min had a relatively higher risk of cardiovascular disease, with an increased risk of 23% compared to those with heart rates of 60-74 beats/min. Therefore we are clinically concerned about the long-term cardiovascular protection benefit is the need for a heart rate target, i.e., the need to strengthen heart rate management, strengthen heart rate compliance and heart rate control! Chronic Stable Coronary Artery Disease Evidence shows that elevated resting heart rate is an independent correctable risk factor for cardiovascular events and death in patients with stable coronary artery disease, and that controlling resting heart rate in patients with stable angina can significantly reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Therefore, major guidelines have successively recommended resting heart rates for patients with coronary artery disease. 2007 Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic stable angina recommend a resting heart rate of 55-60 beats/min, which can be reduced to 50 beats/min in patients with severe angina without bradycardia symptoms. The 2012 ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of stable ischemic heart disease recommend a heart rate of 55-60 beats/min. 2013 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Stable Coronary Artery Disease For patients with stable coronary artery disease, the ideal heart rate should ideally be 60 beats/min and below. Chronic Heart Failure Resting heart rate is a strong predictor and risk factor for the onset, progression and death of chronic heart failure. In recent years, clinical studies have found that a 5 beats per minute increase in heart rate can increase cardiovascular mortality and heart failure rehospitalization rates by 16%. The 2008 ESC guidelines recommend that heart rate in patients with heart failure should ideally be controlled at 55-60 beats/min, and heart rate acceleration after moderate activity should be <20 beats/min. The 2014 Chinese heart failure guidelines also recommend a reduction in heart rate to 55-60 beats/min. The 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure suggest that when heart failure is present, we control the resting heart rate at 55 beats/min - 65 beats/min level, the patient has the best prognosis. Hypertension The 2016 European Consensus Statement on the Management of Patients with Hypertension with Increased Heart Rate states that increased heart rate is a common feature among patients with hypertension and that most of the hypertensive population can benefit from treatment to reduce high heart rate. The 2017 Chinese Expert Consensus on Heart Rate Management in Hypertensive Patients introduced cut points for heart rate intervention in hypertensive patients, which are resting heart rate >80 bpm or 24-hour ambulatory heart rate >75 bpm, respectively; intervention cut points are also detailed for patients with hypertension combined with numerous comorbidities: <70 bpm in hypertension combined with heart failure; <110 bpm in hypertension with atrial fibrillation; <50 bpm in hypertension In hypertension with coronary artery disease, the heart rate is maintained at 50-60 bpm; in hypertension with acute aortic coarctation, the heart rate is controlled at 50-60 bpm. It is also proposed that hypertensive patients (without cardiovascular comorbidities, such as HF and CAD) require dual interventions to achieve blood pressure targets while taking into account heart rate management. Patients with hypertension combined with coronary heart disease and heart failure should be controlled to the target heart rate according to the corresponding guidelines.