In 1995, Dr. Pories reported for the first time that bariatric surgery could not only result in substantial weight loss, but also in long-term clinical cure of preoperative combined T2DM, i.e., patients did not need to take hypoglycemic drugs, and fasting blood glucose levels (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) remained normal for a long time. In 1995, Dr. Pories first reported that bariatric surgery not only resulted in substantial weight loss, but also led to long-term clinical cure of preoperative T2DM in obese patients, i.e., patients did not need to take hypoglycemic drugs, and fasting blood glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) remained normal for a long period of time, which was not solely dependent on the postoperative weight loss, but mainly resulted from the correction of the disturbed gastrointestinal endocrine function in T2DM patients by bariatric surgery. In view of this finding, since the beginning of this century, gastrointestinal bariatric surgery has been renamed Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (MBS), and its indications have been extended from the treatment of severe obesity to the treatment of obesity combined with T2DM. In recent years, based on a series of animal studies, Rubino et al. designed some new surgical approaches, such as Duodenal-Jujenal Bypass, and used them for the treatment of non-obese T2DM, and initially achieved good clinical results. He then actively advocated the concept of diabetic surgery, which is the treatment of T2DM with gastrointestinal surgery, regardless of the patient’s body mass index (BMI). His initiative is receiving a positive response from the academic community. In 2011, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) issued a statement endorsing bariatric surgery as an appropriate treatment for patients with obese type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control, especially for patients with both hypertension and dyslipidemia, and recommending that bariatric surgery be included in the treatment pathway for type 2 diabetes in the future. In May 2011, the Chinese Medical Association’s Diabetes Division and the Society of Surgery jointly released the “Expert Consensus on the Treatment of Diabetes”, which provides detailed recommendations on the indications, contraindications, clinical risks, and preoperative and postoperative management of bariatric surgery for the treatment of diabetes. In order to promote the sustainable and healthy development of surgical treatment of diabetes in China, the Standardized Clinical Pathway for the Surgical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes was jointly released by the Obesity and Diabetes Group of the Chinese Medical Association Diabetes Branch and the Endocrine Surgery Group of the Chinese Medical Association Surgery Branch on July 30, 2011. In March 2012, another breakthrough in international research on the surgical treatment of diabetes was achieved when two studies published simultaneously in the New England Journal of Medicine, the STAMPEDE and Mingrone studies, used a prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of diabetes with The STAMPEDE and Mingrone studies, both published in the New England Journal of Medicine, used a prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of diabetes with obesity. The first phase of both studies showed that bariatric surgery is a safe and effective treatment modality for obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have poor glycemic control, and that medical therapy combined with bariatric surgery is more effective than medical therapy alone in improving glycemic control, weight loss, and insulin resistance. The risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as obesity, blood pressure and lipid disorders are significantly reduced by bariatric surgery.