Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by the passage or residence of adult and child lungworms in the human body. It is often caused by eating raw or undercooked crabs or mayflies that contain lung fluke cysts. The eggs of schistosomes are excreted into the water through the sputum or feces of the host (human or other animals) and grow into trichuri, which later develop into cysts in freshwater crabs or mayflies. When a person eats a stone crab or mayfly containing cysts, the larvae enter the digestive tract and become larvae after decapsulation by the action of digestive juices. The larvae enter the abdominal cavity through the intestinal wall, migrate upward along the abdominal wall, pass through the diaphragm to reach the thoracic cavity, invade the pleura to reach the lungs, and develop into adult worms in the lungs. They can also penetrate into the liver, kidney, mediastinum, brain and spinal cord. The adult worms migrate or lay eggs in the lungs, causing mechanical damage to the local tissues and irritation resulting in intrapulmonary lesions. The clinical manifestations of the disease are diverse depending on the invasive worm species, the affected organ, the degree of infection, the immune status, and the body’s response. Due to the high rate of misdiagnosis of this disease, it is quite important to improve the awareness and understanding of the disease and to increase the awareness of the diagnosis of the disease. For patients with clinical suspicious symptoms related to the following points (1) a history of raw or semi-raw consumption of crabs and lagomorphs or drinking raw water from streams in infected areas is the primary basis of the disease; (2) peripheral blood eosinophilia; (3) unilateral or bilateral, or alternating left and right pleural effusions, or multiple encapsulated effusions with eosinophilia in the pleural fluid and ineffective anti-tuberculosis treatment; (4) wandering subcutaneous nodules or masses, biopsy is consistent with eosinophilic granuloma. Early detection of schistosomal antigens and antibodies and sputum for schistosome eggs should be performed to improve the diagnosis rate of the disease. Among them, the serological diagnosis of pulmonary schistosomiasis is simple, easy to obtain material, and has a high positive rate, which is now widely used. Since pulmonary schistosomiasis can cause multi-organ damage, especially to the brain, eyes and pericardium, its consequences are extremely serious, so its treatment is particularly important. At present, the drugs used for the treatment of pulmonary schistosomiasis at home and abroad include praziquantel, prothiobenzimidazole (albendazole) and triclodiazole, among which praziquantel is the drug of choice for the treatment of pulmonary schistosomiasis. The dose and duration of treatment vary according to the type of lung fluke. The difference is mainly based on the patient’s immune function, nutritional status and the degree of infection. In our patient, after 5 days of praziquantel 600mgtid oral treatment, the pleural fluid absorption was rechecked and the eosinophil count decreased significantly, and the treatment was effective.