China has a large number of hypertensive people, with statistics exceeding 300 million, which means that almost one-third of the population suffers from hypertension or has blood pressure exceeding the normal high value. Statistics show that the incidence of hypertension in China is still a continuing trend of increasing, although the rate of knowledge, treatment and control of hypertensive patients in China (crude rate) has improved significantly in recent years, but the overall is still at a relatively low level, respectively, 51.5%, 46.1% and 16.9%. In the clinic, we make hypertension a cardiovascular syndrome. Then what exactly is the relationship between hypertension and cardiovascular disease? This article will combine with the latest hypertension guidelines to elaborate the relationship and characteristics of hypertension and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. First, the relationship between hypertension and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases In short, there is a close causal relationship between the level of blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and death. Large global studies have shown that blood pressure ranging from 115/75mmHg to 185/115mmHg, after an average of 12 years of follow-up, has been found to have a continuous, independent, and direct positive correlation between office systolic or diastolic blood pressure and the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease events, and cardiovascular death. The risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease doubled for every 20 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure or every 10 mmHg increase in diastolic blood pressure. Studies including Chinese populations have shown that office blood pressure levels are strongly associated with stroke and coronary heart disease events, and that the association between elevated blood pressure and stroke and coronary heart disease events is stronger in Asian populations than in Australian and New Zealand populations, with the risk of stroke and fatal myocardial infarction in Asian populations increasing by 53% and 31% per 10-mmHg increase in high blood pressure, compared with 24% and 21% increases in Australian and New Zealand populations, respectively. The risk of stroke and fatal myocardial infarction increased by 53% and 31%, respectively, in Asian populations and by 24% and 21% in Australian and New Zealand populations. There is also a causal relationship between blood pressure levels and the development of heart failure. Clinical follow-up data show that the incidence of heart failure increases with increasing blood pressure levels, and that heart failure and stroke are the two complications most strongly associated with blood pressure levels. Chronic hypertension – left ventricular hypertrophy – heart failure constitute an important chain of events. Hypertension primarily leads to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction can also occur if combined with coronary myocardial infarction. In addition, chronic hypertension is an important cause of the development of atrial fibrillation. It has been shown that the incidence of AF is significantly higher in patients with long-term hypertension than in non-hypertensive patients. The relationship between office blood pressure levels and the above complications and cardiovascular disease has also been confirmed in ambulatory blood pressure or home blood pressure monitoring studies). In the clinic, monitoring ambulatory blood pressure is particularly important to understand the 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure levels and thus better relate the association between changes in hypertension levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Second, the characteristics of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease incidence in China’s hypertensive patients China’s population monitoring data show that cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease deaths account for more than 40% of the total number of deaths, the annual incidence of stroke is about 250/100,000, and the annual incidence of coronary heart disease events is 50/100,000, and the incidence of stroke is five times the incidence of coronary heart disease events. In recent years, the difference between the incidence of stroke and the incidence of coronary events has remained very significant, despite the upward trend in coronary events. In clinical treatment trials, the incidence ratio of stroke/myocardial infarction is about 5-8:1 in our hypertensive population and about 1:1 in the Western hypertensive population (37-41). Therefore, stroke is still the most important cardiovascular risk in our hypertensive population, and stroke prevention is an important goal in the treatment of hypertension in China. In summary, only active, smooth and effective reduction of blood pressure in the clinic can reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.