The choice of surgery for early-stage breast cancer needs to be based on the size of the tumor, the presence of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis, etc. to decide whether to adopt breast-conserving surgery or radical mastectomy. Breast-conserving radical mastectomy is suitable for early breast cancer, the tumor diameter is <5cm, there may be ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes that can still be pushed to enlarge, and the lump can be completely removed, to ensure that there are no tumor cells at the edge of the excision site, and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy must be provided. Modified radical mastectomy (total mastectomy) is suitable for breast cancer without distant metastasis, and this surgical method can remove local tumor and regional lymph nodes as much as possible, with clear surgical effect. Factors affecting the choice of breast cancer surgery include the stage of breast cancer (early or late), the pathological type (degree of malignancy), adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc.) and the patient's own wishes. Patients are usually advised to prioritize surgical outcome over other factors such as appearance.