Male: Penile malformation (short, flexed, deviated) Circumcision Circumcision Occult penis Upper and lower urethral cleft Urethral stricture Posterior urethral rupture Genitourinary sinus Vaginal appendage Cryptorchidism Testicular agenesis Anal incontinence after atresia Female: Clitoral hypertrophy Vaginal agenesis Vaginal stricture Vaginal atresia Vaginal shortening Vaginal appendage Double vagina (vaginal septum) Vaginal relaxation Hymen reconstruction Genitourinary sinus Female hypospadias Congenital urinary incontinence Vaginal urethral fistula Vaginorectal fistula Sexual malformations Male pseudohypergamy Testicular hypoplasia Abnormal testosterone biosynthesis (enzyme defect) Leydig cell hypoplasia or LH/hCG receptor defect Testicular feminization syndrome (androgen receptor defect) Müller’s duct resistance syndrome (abnormal synthesis, bioactivity, or receptor of MIF in a male with normal sex organ development) Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY, also known as congenital testicular hypoplasia or primary microcephaly) Female pseudohermaphroditism Congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia (enzyme deficiency producing excess androgens) Maternal intake or production of excess androgens (“transthyretin”, tumors) Turner syndrome (45, X, congenital ovarian hypoplasia) True hermaphroditism (co-existence of testes and ovaries) Psychosexual anomalies —- Sex-prone disorders (self-identified sex contradicts normal biological sex)