Cerebral palsy is caused by brain injury and is characterized by involuntary muscle control, muscle tonus, muscle paralysis and other neurological damage. Brain injury can occur during pregnancy, delivery, after birth or before the age of 5 years. Cerebral palsy is not a disease and does not develop progressively. The local part of the brain that controls muscle movement is particularly vulnerable in premature and newborn infants. The incidence of cerebral palsy is 0.1-0.2% in infants, but it is 10 times more common in preterm infants, especially very low birth weight infants. Many different types of injuries can cause cerebral palsy. Injuries and hypoxia in utero, during delivery, and at birth account for 10-15% of cases, and the etiology of most of them is not really known. Premature infants can be particularly susceptible to injury due to localized vascular hypoplasia of the brain, hemorrhage, or cerebral hypoxia. Excessive bilirubin in the blood can cause neonatal nuclear jaundice and brain injury. Currently, the incidence of nuclear jaundice has decreased significantly because jaundice caused by high bilirubin levels in the blood of newborns is easier to treat. infants under 1 year of age with serious illnesses such as meningitis, sepsis, trauma, and severe dehydration can cause brain damage and lead to cerebral palsy. The main symptoms of cerebral palsy are marked clumsiness of movement and severe spasticity and twisting of the upper limbs and legs. The four main types of cerebral palsy are: 1. Spastic type: muscle stiffness and weakness, which accounts for about 70% of children with cerebral palsy. Muscle stiffness may affect all upper and lower extremities (tetraplegia), mainly both lower extremities (bilateral paresis), or just the upper and lower extremities unilaterally (hemiparesis). The affected upper and lower extremities show muscle dysplasia, stiffness and weakness. 2. Choreoathetosis-like type: Delayed and uncontrollable muscle movements, accounting for about 20% of children with cerebral palsy. 3. Ataxia: Lack of coordination and tremors, accounting for about 10% of children with cerebral palsy. There are mainly poor muscle coordination, muscle weakness and tremor; the child has difficulty in rapid or fine movements, unstable walking, and the legs are generally widely separated. 4.Mixed type: Both of the above two or more types, mostly spasticity and choreoathetosis-like type at the same time. This type is the most common in children. They show sluggish and distorted movements of the upper limbs, lower limbs and body, which cannot be controlled at will, but at the same time there is muscle stiffness and tremor. Poor mood makes the movements worse and the symptoms disappear after falling asleep. Of all the types of cerebral palsy, speech may be difficult to understand because the child has difficulty controlling the muscles involved in articulation. Most children have other disabilities as a result of cerebral palsy, such as mental retardation in some cases; some have severe mental retardation. Only 40 percent of children with cerebral palsy have near normal intelligence. About 25% of children with cerebral palsy have seizures, mostly of the spastic type. Awareness of the diagnosis: Cerebral palsy is usually not diagnosed early in the infant’s life. When a child is found to have muscle problems such as dysplasia, muscle weakness, spasticity or poor coordination, the child should be taken to a doctor as soon as possible to determine if cerebral palsy or progressive disease is present and to determine if treatment can be given. Specific types of cerebral palsy are usually difficult to identify until the child is 1 1/2 years old. Laboratory tests cannot determine cerebral palsy, however they can rule out other disorders. Doctors may perform blood tests, electromyography studies, muscle biopsies and CT or MRI of the brain. Awareness of treatment: A diagnosis of cerebral palsy is confirmed and treated as early as possible, but it cannot be cured and is left for life. Doctors and parents should give each child enough to maintain independent living as appropriately as possible. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, emotional encouragement and orthopedic surgery can improve muscle control and walking ability, and speech therapy can improve speech and treat eating disorders. Anticonvulsant medications can prevent seizures. Most children with cerebral palsy grow gradually to normal and should attend regular school if they do not have severe intellectual and physical impairments; a few children require extensive physical therapy, special education, and severe restrictions on their movements of daily living; individual types require lifelong care and assistance. Even children severely affected by the disease can benefit through training and exercise. Parents of affected children can receive information and psychosocial counseling services that can help them understand their child’s condition and potential and then help with the problems that arise. Parental concern can be combined with forces from the public and private sources, such as community medical and vocational rehabilitation organizations, to help each child reach his or her maximum potential. The prognosis usually depends on the type of cerebral palsy and the severity of the cerebral palsy. More than 90 percent of children with cerebral palsy will survive into adulthood. Only the most severely affected children, those without any life skills, have a shorter life span.