The theme of this year’s United Nations Diabetes Day on November 14 is “Diabetes and Children and Adolescents”, which fully reflects the importance of health education for children and adolescents in the prevention of diabetes. Diabetes is a systemic disease that poses a serious threat to the health of children. The majority of diabetes in children is type 1 diabetes. It is believed that the disease is based on genetics, under the action of environmental factors, causing disorders of autoimmune function, causing damage and destruction of pancreatic β-cells, lack of insulin secretion, and causing high blood sugar in the body, and long-term high blood sugar can cause damage to the heart, kidneys, eyes and other important organs. Type 1 diabetes in children has many characteristics that are different from those of adult diabetes, and the following points should be noted in the diagnosis and treatment: (1) The onset of type 1 diabetes in children is usually more acute. The onset of type 1 diabetes in children is usually acute, often due to infections, improper diet and other triggers, and about 40% of children have an acute onset of diabetic ketoacidosis. Clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, deep and prolonged breathing, ketone odor in the exhaled breath, dehydration, irritability, drowsiness and even coma. When combined with respiratory, intestinal and skin infections, the diagnosis of primary diabetes is easily overlooked and treatment is delayed. (2) young age, poor cognitive: children with type 1 diabetes usually start in elementary school or secondary school, what is diabetes, what are the dangers of diabetes, diabetes should be how to comprehensive treatment in the understanding and understanding of some difficulties, the family and society have the obligation and responsibility to the children with patient, meticulous care and consideration. As children grow older, parents must gradually teach them the correct understanding of diabetes and its treatment and management. (3) Dietary control is more difficult: Children have less self-control and controlling their diet is a difficult thing for them to accept. The first step is to let children actively face and learn more about their disease, gradually get used to receiving treatment, and develop their own sense of responsibility for the disease and self-control. In addition parents and physicians should give guidance according to the characteristics of different ages. In terms of dietary treatment, we advocate a planned diet instead of a controlled diet, with appropriate restrictions and flexibility according to the child’s family eating habits. The principle of diet planning is to meet the needs of growth and daily activities. (4) Exercise is heavy and irregular: children are mostly playful and active, and it is difficult to control the amount of exercise. In this regard, parents and physicians should also give care and help children to develop individualized exercise prescriptions. Children with type 1 diabetes can participate in various sports activities at school after their condition is stabilized, which has a good effect on the control of diabetes. Exercise and exercise should be individualized, gradual, with appropriate intensity, within limits, and with attention to safety. When exercising, insulin dosage and diet should be well adjusted or extra meal should be added before exercise to prevent hypoglycemia. In ketoacidosis, no exercise should be performed. (5) Insulin must be used: Once diagnosed, children with type 1 diabetes should rely on exogenous insulin replacement therapy as soon as possible and for life. Because of the difference in the function of residual pancreatic beta cells in children, insulin therapy should be individualized. Parents and children should make mental and material preparations for long-term insulin, do not listen to the deceptive propaganda of witch doctors and fake drugs to stop using insulin at will to try any “ancestral secret recipe” or “new medical method” to cure diabetes, so as not to cause a big disaster. (6) Adolescence: During adolescence, various changes in human hormone levels often lead to large changes in blood sugar, and it may be difficult to keep blood sugar stable with the usual insulin treatment plan. In order to adapt to such changes, frequent blood glucose monitoring and continuous adjustment of insulin treatment regimen are often required to help smoothly pass through adolescence.