Cryptorchidism is one of the common diseases in pediatric patients, with a reported incidence of 1.58% in 1-year-old children in the UK. Causes: Since the mechanism of normal testicular descent during fetal life is still unclear, there are various theories on the etiology of cryptorchidism. Some scholars, through endocrine function measurement, believe that cryptorchidism may be due to the imbalance of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis before puberty and the insufficient secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH)-interstitial cells (leydies cell) axis, resulting in the decrease of plasma testosterone, because the decline of testis is closely related to the level of testosterone, and some scholars determine the normal level of testosterone in patients with cryptorchidism and suggest that it is mainly due to the lack of 5α- reduction enzyme deficiency, which makes the production of dihydrotestosterone impaired, or factors such as insufficient androgen receptors in target organs or mutations in receptor genes, which prevent testosterone from binding to target cell receptor proteins. Some pituitary gonadotropin and androgen disorders such as Kallmann syndrome (LH-RH deficiency) and anencephaly pituitary insufficiency are associated with cryptorchidism, which also indicates that there is a certain relationship between pituitary gonadotropin and androgen and testicular decline. Recently, anti-gonadotropin cell antibodies have been found in the blood of patients with cryptorchidism, suggesting that cryptorchidism may be an autoimmune disease of the pituitary gland of patients. 2.Anatomical factors Mainly: ① Absence of testicular lead: In the process of testicular descent, the testicular lead has a pulling effect, and the main branch at the end of the lead is attached to the bottom of the scrotum, and the testicle descends into the scrotum with the pulling of the lead. ②The sphincter is not closed. ③ abnormal development of the inguinal region: the internal ring is too small or there is mechanical obstruction at the entrance of the scrotum. ④Spermatic cord vessels or vas deferens are too short. 3. Developmental defects of the testis itself Some cases have defects of the testis itself, such as atrophy of the testis after intrauterine torsion, only the spermatic cord vessels and vas deferens stumps are present, the testis is separated from the epididymis, the epididymis is absent, and other congenital defects affecting the descending testis cryptorchidism may lead to sterility and malignant transformation, so surgery is needed. In China, surgery is advocated for children at 12 months of age. There are traditional open surgery and minimally invasive treatment, and minimally invasive surgery has good cosmetic effect, so most parents choose minimally invasive treatment now.