Overview A “hernia” is when a part of the body’s tissue or organ leaves its original location and enters another part of the body through a gap, defect or weakness. It is commonly known as “small intestine hernia”. There are two main types of abdominal hernias: ventral wall hernia and esophageal hiatal hernia. Abdominal wall hernias are common in surgery and there are many different types of hernias, named according to the site or cause of protrusion, such as inguinal hernia, femoral hernia, umbilical hernia, incisional hernia, and parastomal hernia. Among them, inguinal hernia is the most common extra-abdominal hernia, accounting for 90% of all extra-abdominal hernias. Incisional hernia of the abdominal wall is a complication after abdominal surgery, with an incidence of about 2-11%. The incidence of parastomal hernia is about 10%, mostly within 2 years after stoma surgery, while the incidence of parastomal hernia increases with the prolongation of permanent enterostomy, even up to 36.7% according to some statistics. Esophageal hiatal hernia (hiatus hernia) is a condition in which an intra-abdominal organ (mainly the stomach) enters the thoracic cavity through a diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus. Esophageal hiatal hernia is the most common type of diaphragmatic hernia, accounting for more than 90% of cases. Often combined with reflux esophagitis, hiatal hernia has become one of the most common health hazards and is closely related to the development of esophageal cancer. Although most patients can be relieved with medical treatment, they often require lifelong medication and their condition will progressively worsen with age. Hernia affects the digestive system first. Inguinal hernia is prone to symptoms such as lower abdominal cramps, bloating, abdominal pain, constipation, poor nutritional absorption, easy fatigue and decreased physical fitness. Since the inguinal region is adjacent to the genitourinary system, older patients are prone to bladder or prostate diseases such as frequent urination, urgent urination and increased nocturia; children may be affected by the normal development of testicles due to the extrusion of the hernia; and middle-aged and young patients are prone to sexual dysfunction. In ventral wall hernia, the intestinal canal or omentum inside the hernia sac is easily squeezed or collided to cause inflammatory swelling, resulting in difficulty in hernia retraction, leading to hernia impaction, as well as intestinal obstruction, intestinal necrosis, severe abdominal pain and other dangerous conditions. The most common symptoms of esophageal hiatus hernia combined with reflux esophagitis are “heartburn” and “acid reflux”, which may be accompanied by “dysphagia” and “gastrointestinal bleeding”. Gastrointestinal bleeding”, etc. Other patients show symptoms of unexpected gastroesophageal irritation such as “non-cardiac chest pain, chronic cough, asthma-like attacks, hoarseness, and pharyngeal discomfort. Some patients may develop esophageal stricture and Barrett’s esophagus.