Nodules of the thyroid gland with localized lymphatic enlargement are considered to be more likely to be malignant diseases of the thyroid gland. The causes include family genetic factors, personal factors and acquired factors, and in some patients, exposure to radioactive substances. In addition, there are benign lesions of the thyroid gland that are prone to malignant changes as the disease progresses. Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland include papillary, follicular, undifferentiated, and medullary carcinomas, and many patients can be clearly detected by physical examination to have space-occupying lesions, or the presence of a neck mass, and ultrasound will further suggest space-occupying changes in the gland. Patients diagnosed at an early stage should actively choose surgical treatment and cervical lymph node dissection, and need regular follow-up and observation after surgery, mainly regular thyroid function tests and oral thyroxine tablets.