At present, there are three main types of renal replacement therapies for uremia: peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis is to introduce the patient’s blood and dialysis fluid into both sides of the dialyzer membrane at the same time to remove metabolic wastes from the blood, correct electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, and remove excess water from the body through the semi-permeable membrane. Hemodialysis can partially replace the kidney function and is one of the widely used treatments for uremia. The greatest benefits of this modality are: it can correct acidosis and heart failure in a short period of time, it is rapid and effective in removing toxins, and all operations are performed by medical staff, which is not demanding on the patients themselves and the chance of infection is low. However, hemodialysis has a relatively large impact on cardiac function and blood circulation system, anticoagulation of heparin (causing bleeding danger), high blood pressure in dialysis (antihypertensive drugs are partially removed also have a certain relationship), short time rapid dehydration and detoxification is not in line with the physiology of the body, rapid decrease in urine volume, strong dependence on the machine and medical personnel, and cannot return to society well. Peritoneal dialysis applies the human body’s own peritoneum as the dialysis membrane for blood purification. Dialysis fluid is introduced into the patient’s peritoneal cavity, and toxins and excess water from the blood pass through the peritoneum into the dialysis fluid in the peritoneal cavity and then out of the body. The dialysis fluid in the peritoneal cavity is changed at regular intervals or continuously for the purpose of blood purification. The biggest benefits of peritoneal dialysis are that it can better approach kidney physiology, slow dehydration and detoxification, can better control blood sugar, reduce hemodialysis vascular sclerosis, changes in fat metabolism, etc., has little impact on cardiopulmonary function, does not have anticoagulation bleeding problems, retains residual kidney function, and can have urine for a considerable period of time. However, peritoneal dialysis also has a series of complications: such as peritoneal infection peritonitis problems, blockage of the peritoneal tube, intestinal adhesions or even intestinal obstruction, protein loss problems, and eventually have to be replaced by hemodialysis or kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation is the surgical implantation of another person’s kidney into the body of a patient with uremia to make it functional. The implanted kidney can completely replace the kidney function, which is the most effective and least expensive long-term treatment for UTI, and is currently recognized as the best treatment for UTI. However, kidney transplantation is relatively riskier than the first two, and the incidence of long-term complications such as hepatorenal toxicity, peptic ulcers, and malignancy brought about by various immunosuppressive agents will increase. The transplanted kidney also has a certain survival period after surgery. Among the many factors affecting the long-term survival of the transplanted organ, acute and chronic rejection are the most important. Post-transplant diabetes is one of the major complications of kidney transplantation. As a result of taking a large amount of immunosuppressants to control rejection, the body’s resistance decreases easily leading to infection, which in turn tends to induce rejection. Each of the three alternative modalities has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is necessary to choose the more suitable modality according to the uremic patient’s own condition (e.g. age, cardiopulmonary function, various laboratory laboratory indicators, etc.) in order to achieve the purpose of improving the quality of life and prolonging life expectancy.