Kidney stones are more common in adults, but can also occur in children of any age, especially adolescents, and are more common in adolescent females. Urologists often have parents complain that their child suddenly interrupts urination, pinches his penis and jumps around in pain for a while, and then is able to continue urinating again. The doctor will tell the parents that your child may have kidney stones. Kidney stones are more common in adults and can occur in children of any age, especially teenagers, and are more common in teenage females. Most kidney stones consist of calcium salts, mostly calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones. Most stones form in the kidneys and then enter the ureter or bladder to induce symptoms of urethral obstruction; rarely do stones originate in the bladder. The size of stones is 0.6-1cm. 1. Causes of Kidney Stones Many kidney stones in children are caused by dietary habits and low water intake, although some children have a specific genetic background, congenital anomalies of the ureter, and kidney infections. In addition, some chronic diseases may increase the risk of kidney stones, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis and seizures. 2. Accompanying Symptoms Clinical symptoms of kidney stones are mostly atypical in young children, and seldom have the typical coeliac abdominal cramps as in adults. Children with kidney stones may present with dysuria, dyspareunia, urinary retention, recurrent urinary urgency and fever. The persistence of diffuse abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting is often misdiagnosed as appendicitis. Sudden onset of back and coeliac pain is the most common symptom of kidney stones in adolescents, and the pain shifts to the inguinal region as the stone moves downward through the ureter and may cause hematuria with the naked eye. Kidney stones in young children are often unable to accurately describe the site of pain, and some children are even completely asymptomatic and are only accidentally detected on X-ray or ultrasound for other conditions. The presence of typical pain sites and hematuria facilitates the diagnosis of kidney stones, and most stones can be diagnosed by urinary X-rays or ultrasound, and in some cases the diagnosis can be established by finding stones in the urine.CT scans can detect very small stones, but they also expose the child to more radiation. CT scans can detect very small stones, but may expose the child to more radiation. Other ancillary tests may be performed to confirm the presence of anatomical abnormalities of the urinary system, as well as the presence of stones caused by certain specific medications. 3. Treatment and prevention Once the stones are detected, the first goal is to help the child pass them through the urethra by drinking large amounts of water, figuratively called flushing the sewer. Children who are unable to drink due to pain and nausea may be given intravenous fluids for diuresis. If the diagnosis is clear, medication can be used to relieve pain. Stones larger than 1cm may need to be removed surgically or by extracorporeal lithotripsy, a technique that uses ultrasound to break up large stones before they are expelled through the urethra. Ultrasonic lithotripsy is quite safe and does not damage the kidneys, but this method should be contraindicated in children with ureteral malformations. The risk of recurrence of kidney stones is high, and it is estimated that the recurrence rate of kidney stones in children is about 16%-44%. Therefore, it is particularly important to prevent recurrence of kidney stones. Kidney stones are best treated by preventing their formation, and all adolescents with kidney stones should be careful to drink plenty of water, eat a low-salt diet, and reduce the consumption of soda and soft drinks. At the same time, a child’s 24-hour urine can be collected and tested in order to identify susceptibility factors for kidney stones and to provide targeted dietary and lifestyle interventions.